1800-1899

 

1800 – 1899

American and European Medicine of the 19th Century:
Popular Self-Care, Medical Pluralism and Professional Institutions  

1800-1809

1800


Constantine Hering, MD (d. 1880). Educator and founder of American homeopathy. University of Wuerzburg graduate with highest honors; thesis, De Medicine Future (The Medicine of the Future). Formulator of Hering’s Rule (Hering’s Law of Cure); proves 72 substances, including Lachesis; authored ten-volume The Guiding Symptoms of Our Materia Medica. Co-founder, Nordamerikanische Academie der Homoeopathische Heilkunst (Allentown Academy, PA), the first homeopathic medical school in the United States.

1801


Primitive Physic: or, An Easy and Natural Method of Curing Most Diseases. John Wesley. *

1802

Aufsätze und Beobachtungen aus allen Theilen der Arzneywissenschaft und zum Theil auch der Naturheilkunde (Essays and observations of all aspects of medical science, including natural living and healing). C.G. Erdmann.

1803-1804


Friedrich Wilhelm Sertürner (1783-1841) successfully isolates and extracts morphine crystals from tarry poppy seed juice (Papaver somniferum) in a test tube, the ‘principium somniferum’ of opium, the first such isolation of a primary constituent from a medicinal plant which he named ‘Morphium’ after the Greek deity of sleep and dreams.

1805


J.H. Rausse (d. 1848). Articulates scientific principles of water cure and introduces Naturheilkunde. ‘Rousseau of water cure.’ Critiqued Priessnitz; advanced nature cure, understanding of suppression and self-healing, healing crisis; detoxification; treat the person, not the disease; taught that diverse factors contribute to illness and promote health, and that common cures address many disease states that appear as ‘different’. Alias, Heinrich F. Francke, forest geometer.


Samuel Hahnemann, in Hufeland’s Journal, presents his evolving doctrine in “Therapeutics of experience. “Previously, in 1797, he distinguished, for the first time, between ‘dynamically-acting’ and ‘chemically-acting’ medicines. In 1800, further contrasted ‘dynamic’ with ‘mechanic,’ and in 1801, with ‘atomic.’ In 1801, introduced the concept of ‘fixed diseases’ that have a stable cause (e.g., a “quite invariable miasm,” like syphilis or psora) and a similar course. Later, in 1807, in Hufeland’s Journal, introduced and defined term, ‘homeopathic;’ argued the ‘truth’ of curative healing not yet ‘scientifically recognized,’ and described his doctrine as “…the most rational and perfect way of healing” (Josef M. Schmidt, “200 years Organon of Medicine – A comparative view on its six editions (1810-1842).”)

1810-1819

1810


Mary Gove Nichols, née Mary Sargeant Neal (d. 1884). Pioneering lay hygienist, champion of Graham; advocate for women’s rights. Known for controversial public lectures on anatomy and physiology. Writer, lecturer, and healer using water cure therapy; involved in activism and health reform.


The term ‘eclectic’ coined by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque, a French botanist cataloging American plants, 1784-1841. The term refers to physicians who employed whatever is found to be beneficial to patients (‘eclectic’ derives from the Greek, eklego, “to choose from”).

Organon Der Rationellen Heilkunde (The Organon of Rational Therapeutics) published by Samuel Hahnemann, MD, establishing the discipline of homeopathic medicine. The Organon becomes a central influence upon later homeopathic and naturopathic theory.

1812

Russell Thacker Trall, MD. 1812–1877. Advocate of hydrotherapy, natural hygiene and vegetarian diet.

 

 

 

 

 

 


Russell Thacker Trall, MD (d. 1877). Hygiene, hydrotherapy, vegetarian pioneer, writer, publisher, educator. Launched Water Cure Center, NYC, 1844. Opened Hygienic Institute, NY, 1847. Published The Water-Cure Journal, later renamed Herald of Health. Renowned as proponent of health creation, natural law, healthy living.

1813


Claude Bernard, MD (d. 1878). French physiologist who articulated and introduced the term, milieu intérieur (i.e., self-regulatory homeodynamics). Known for declaring: “The terrain is everything; the germ is nothing.” Neither a vitalist nor a mechanist, Bernard proposed that the presence of a ‘definite idea’ which directed its development was the hallmark of life and living organisms.

1816

Pierre Jacques Antoine Béchamp, MD (d. 1908). Developer of Terrain Theory of Disease, emphasizing individual’s health is pivotal in appearance and virulence of disease. Proposed that in the susceptible organism the ‘terrain’ will attract microzymas as scavengers of the compromised tissue. Influenced and debated L. Pasteur, proponent of emerging germ theory.


René Laennec invents the stethoscope with deep implications for reducing human touch in the therapeutic relationship.

1817


Samuel Hahnemann, MD, creates the handwritten, alphabetized ‘Symptomemlexicon,’ the first index of symptoms, i.e., the first homeopathic repertory, derived from Materia Medica Pura and Chronic Diseases.

1818


Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis, MD (Hungarian: Ignác Fülöp Semmelweis) (d. 1865) Introduces concept of asepsis through clinical observation and research resulting in the publication of The Cause, Concept and Prevention of Child-Bed Fever in 1861. Reported that puerperal fever was far less prevalent in wards attended by midwives than wards where medical students attended. Semmelweis had students wash and scrub their hands in chlorine water before attending, especially if they were coming from a postmortem lab, which was followed by a sharp decline in the infant mortality rate. These measures to reduce infection transmission vectors were rejected as heretical by medical orthodoxy and Semmelweis was largely banished from teaching.


Robert S. Newton, MD (d. 1881). Influential Eclectic physician, author, educator; Dean of Eclectic Medical Institute (1856-1861) and its Clinical Institute (OH); co-founded Eclectic Medical Journal with J. Buchanan; also active in New York, NY.


System of Practical Medicine (System Der Praktischen Heilkunde, 1818-1828). Christof Hufeland, MD.

1819


Daniel Drake, MD. Founds Medical College of Ohio. Prior to its establishment, physicians learned medicine primarily through apprenticeship. Strongly influenced the Eclectics.

1820-1829

1821


Wilhelm Heinrich Schüssler, MD (d. 1898). German homeopath. Originator of tissue salt theory and prescribing system (Biochemie) that posits that mineral deficiency and/or metabolic impediments cause symptoms so treat with mineral salt(s) in triturated potency. Contrasts with both physiological/biochemical and simillimum approaches in homeopathy.


Prelate Sebastian Kneipp (d. 1897). Bavarian Catholic priest, codified theory and system of hydrotherapy; taught healthy living as foundation of nature cure. Five pillars: hydrotherapy, phytotherapy, nutrition, exercise, regulative therapy. Published Meine Wasser-Kur: durch mehr als 30 Jahre erprobt und geschrieben zur Heilung der Krankheiten und Erhaltung der Gesundheit, 1889, (My water-cure, as tested through more than thirty years and described for the healing of diseases and the preservation of health: Translated from the 30th German ed., 1891), My Will: A Legacy to the Healthy and the Sick (1896), and The Care of Children in Sickness and in Health (1897). Key bridge connecting central European traditions and early American naturopathy. One of the world’s most prominent and influential nature cure practitioners. Exerted a profound impact on Benedict Lust and other early naturopaths.


Rudolf Virchow, MD (d. 1902). Pioneer of cellular pathology. German physician, anthropologist, politician, social reformer. Pioneered theory that human diseases can be understood as cellular dysfunction. Expresses and reinforces a deepening divide between mechanistic/reductionist and vitalistic/natural schools of medicine. Taught illness was not in the whole organism but localized to certain cells or groups of cells. “Medicine is a social science.”

1822

New Guide to Health; or Botanic Family Physician. Samuel Thomson. Thomson’s model of disease causation and treatment designed for home treatment using readily available plants, purportedly based on indigenous “Indian” teachings and methods. Deeply influential in fostering do-it-yourself herbal self-care, literacy in rural areas, and defiant attitude toward the medical establishment as long-term patterns within American culture; parallels populist, anti-intellectual, anti-elitist “Jacksonian” political culture in the United States.

1823


Arnold Rikli (d. 1926). Swiss nature cure practitioner and ‘sun doctor.’ Established facility in Veldes, Slovenia. Advanced sun, light and air bathing as key therapies. He also emphasized barefoot walking (preceding Kneipp) and hydrotherapy. Often quoted: “…water is good, air is better, but light is best of all.” Prolific author. Published The Basic Doctrines of Nature Cure including the Atmospheric Cure.


Lydia Folger Fowler, MD. (d. 1879). Pioneering American Eclectic physician, professor of medicine, and activist. She was one of eight women entering Central Medical College in Syracuse, NY, the first coeducational medical school in the U.S.; fellow students included Myra King Merrick and Sarah Adamson Dolley. When she graduated in 1850 she was the second woman in America to earn a medical degree, following Elizabeth Blackwell in 1849, and is often considered the first American-born woman to earn a medical degree. As the first woman professor in an American medical school, she was professor of obstetrics and diseases of women and children at Central Medical College and later at Rochester Eclectic Medical College, In 1862, Fowler taught midwifery at the New York Hygeio-Therapeutic College. Her practice focused on homeopathy and surgery. A prominent health lecturer and social activist, particularly in women’s rights organizations, she participated in the Seneca Falls Convention (1848) and presided over the Women’s Grand Temperance Demonstration in Metropolitan Hall. After moving to London in 1863 she practiced medicine and was active in the British Women’s Temperance Association.

1824

Theodore Hahn (d. 1883) of Silesia. Nature Doctor, scholar, hydrotherapy practitioner, advocated vegetarianism, promoted self-responsibility. Student of J.H. Rausse; extended Rausse’s clinical, theoretical works; influenced by Hufeland. Advocate for accessibility and simplicity of nature cure.

1825


Hans Burch Gram, MD, arrives in Maine from Sweden to become the first homeopathic physician in the U.S.; eventually moves to New York City. Within ten years after his arrival there were nine homeopaths.

1827


Wooster Beach, MD, (1794-1859) founds the United States Infirmary in New York, NY. Beach was a founder and key early leader of Eclectic Medicine and the American Reform Medicine movement who broke with Samuel Thomson over medical education and professionalization.

1828


René Joachim Henri Dutrochet (1776-1847) published “Research in Endosmosis and Exosmosis” in which he postulated this phenomenon as due to a ‘vital physico-organic’ force. During the 19th century, Marie François Xavier Bichat (1771-1802), Johannes Müller (1801-1858) and Justus, Baron von Liebig (1803-1873) and other respected physiologists posited that processes within living organisms were more than chemical-mechanical in nature and questioned how they could be duplicated in a laboratory. Henry Bence Jones (1813-1873), a pioneering clinical chemist, proposed that the vital force played a minor role in living organisms and that most, if not all, physiologic processes would eventually be explained through chemical and physical laws.


Friedrich Wöhler (1800-1882) synthesized urea, an ‘organic’ substance, in vitro, i.e., by evaporating an isomeric solution of ammonium cyanate. This innovative chemical synthesis was performed without a living organism involved, hence no possibility of ‘vital force’ being required. Subsequently, commentators have cited this event as confirming their chemico-mechanical theories of life and signaling the ‘death of vitalism’ and the birth of organic chemistry. Nineteenth century proponents of the ‘mechanistic’ viewpoint of living systems included prominent physiologists as Carl Ludwig (1816-1895), Ernst Brucke (1819-1892), Emil Du Bois-Reymond (1818-1896) and Herman von Helmholtz (1821-1894).


Chronic Diseases: Their Peculiar Nature and Their Homeopathic Cure. Samuel Hahnemann, MD. (1828-1830). First edition in four volumes; often considered Hahnemann’s last medical work of fundamental importance; translated into English (1904) from the Second Enlarged German Edition of 1835, by Prof. Louis H. Tafel. *

1829


Reformed Medical College of New York founded by Wooster Beach, MD; succeeded U.S. Infirmary; closed, 1839.


Karl Gottlob Kühn (d. 1840). German physician and medical historian, in his Claudii Galeni Opera Omnia, translated Νούσων φύσιες ίητροί into Latin as Morborum medicae naturae. (Volume 12, p. 222; Leipzig: Knobloch)


Sarah Read Adamson Dolley, MD. (d. 1909). After initially studying medicine under the preceptorship of her uncle, Hiram Corson, MD, she was admitted to Central Medical College (Eclectic) in Syracuse, NY, in November 1849 and became one of the first women in America to receive a medical degree in 1851. After becoming the first female intern in the U.S. at the Blockley Hospital in Philadelphia, she married Lester Clinton Dolley, MD, with whom she practiced Eclectic and homeopathic medicine in Rochester, NY. During 1873-74 she presented a course of lectures on obstetrics at the Woman’s Medical College of Pennsylvania. In 1866, she joined with other women physicians in Rochester to form the Provident Dispensary Association “to provide free medical and surgical care for such women and children as shall need gratuitous services” and in 1887 participated in establishing the Practitioners’ Society, one of the earliest women’s medical societies in the U.S.

1828-1836


Medical licensing laws rescinded in most states within the U.S. during the period of Jacksonian democracy as part of a broad social movement for self-care and “democratic” medicine and against elitism.

1830-1839


Alva Curtis, MD, splits from Thomson; creates his own Independent Thomsonian Medical Society; these were botanical physicians later known as physio-medical or physio-pathic practitioners, or by other self-descriptors). This action split the Thomsonians, as Thomson criticized academic institutions of medicine as elite bastions of intellectual theorizing that were inferior to the common sense of herbal self-education and domestic care by pioneer families.

1830


Susannah Way Dodds, MD (d. 1915). 1866 graduate of the Hygeo-Therapeutic College of New York; influential Hygienic physician, educator, and organizer; involved in Cleveland Water Cure; authored many books and pamphlets.


Reformed Medical College of Ohio founded (also known as Worthington Medical College). John J. Steele, MD, first president, soon replaced by Thomas Vaughan Morrow, MD. First graduating class, 1833.

1831


Cordelia A. Greene, MD (d. 1905). Influential pioneering woman physician who emphasized simple life with a focus on a healthy mind. Practiced at Clifton Springs Sanitarium (OH), Castile Sanitarium (NY). Dr. E. Greene in Historical Wyoming (1858) wrote: “Dr. Greene’s medical knowledge, her skill in diagnosis, and her original method of treatment by hot and cold water, by electricity, massage, vapor baths, and the system of exercises were so successful in restoring health to those who suffered from chronic ailments, that in a few years, the Water Cure at Castile became widely known all over the country.” Lifelong commitment to social causes; first student to receive regular medical degree at Women’s Medical College of Pennsylvania (1853).

1832


Mary Edwards Walker, MD (d. 1919). Physician, author, lecturer and active suffragist. After enrolling at Syracuse Medical College (Eclectic) she graduated from Geneva College of Medicine in 1855, and is often identified as the first woman to earn an MD degree in the U.S. She had a private practice in Rome, NY. In 1863 Walker was appointed by the War Department as an acting assistant surgeon, a position equal in status to a lieutenant or captain, with the Ohio 52nd Infantry. Records indicate that she was taken as a prisoner of war in 1864 and held for four months in Confederate captivity before being exchanged with other Union doctors for Confederate medical officers. Upon release she became medical director of a hospital for female prisoners in Louisville, KY. Awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor for her service, the first woman and the only civilian to ever receive the award, that recognition was rescinded in 1917 because of her civilian status; restored in 1977 by President Jimmy Carter. In 1870 she published her most well-known book, Hit: Essays on Women’s Rights.

1833


Samuel Hahnemann and others opened the first homeopathic hospital in Leipzig, Germany. Often troubled by ineffective practitioners who mixed allopathic and homeopathic methods. Closure, 1842


Augusta Fairchild, MD (d. 1911). Authors How to be Well, or, Common-Sense Medical Hygiene: A Book for the People (1879), giving directions for treatment and cure of acute diseases without use of drug medicines, and hints for general health care. Later published Woman and Health, A Mother’s Hygienic Hand Book (1890), a small, popular work describing Hygienic care of the sick. Considered by some as the first woman to graduate from a conventional medical school in the U.S. Operated Fairchild’s Healthery, later Fairchild Sanitarium, 1883-1903, Quincy, IL.


The Organon of Medicine, last German edition (5th ed.), published by Samuel Hahnemann. The sixth edition would be published in 1921 (posthumously), based on notes to the fifth edition; introduces LM potencies, other concepts and methods.


Worthington Medical College graduates first class in Worthington, OH, having been founded in 1830; suspended 1839-1843 after “Resurrection Riot”; 1845, becomes Eclectic Medical Institute; 1857, absorbs American Medical College; 1859, absorbs Eclectic College of Medicine and Surgery; 1910, renamed Eclectic Medical College.

1834


New Guide to Health; or Botanic Family Physician: containing a complete system of practice, upon a plan entirely new; with a description of the vegetables made use of, and directions for preparing and administering them to cure disease: to which is added a description of several cases of disease attended by the author, with the mode of treatment and cure : to which is annexed, A narrative of the life, &c. of the author. Samuel Thomson. Promulgates home care botanical system that gains widespread use, especially in frontier America, and deeply influential upon American medical culture. * 


The Aesculapian Tablets of the Nineteenth Century. Sylvester Graham. *


The Thomsonian Botanical Watchman. First issue published.


Wilhelm Winternitz, MD (d. 1917). Viennese physician often characterized as ‘father of scientific hydrotherapy’.

1835


Nordamerikanische Academie der Homoeopathische Heilkunst (The North American Academy of the Homoeopathic Healing Art); first homeopathic medical school in U.S.; founded in Allentown, PA, by Henry Detwiller, William Wesselhoeft, MD, (1794-1858) and others, with Constantine Hering, MD, as president. First homeopathic hospital also at Wesselhoeft House. Academy closes, 1843.


A Defense of the Graham System of Living: Or, Remarks on Diet and Regimen. Dedicated to the Rising Generation. Sylvester Graham. *


Jacob Bigelow, MD, (1786-1879) delivers “A Discourse on Self-Limited Diseases” before the Massachusetts Medical Society in 1835 which reports that outcomes among treated and untreated patients were similar and challenges the dominant Heroic medicine with its toxic prescriptions, bloodletting and purging. *


Louis Kuhne (d. 1901). German proto-naturopath who promulgated the theory that foreign matter in the digestive tract contributed significantly to the development of disease and proposed treatment focusing on a vegetarian diet and cold water hydrotherapy. Invented friction sitz bath. Developed a diagnostic system using the “science of facial diagnosis” and articulated a comprehensive model centered on the “unity of disease.” Many early naturopaths adopted his theories as fundamental concepts in framing illness, treatment through detoxification and healing through cultivation of the “vital force”. Named founder and first master of naturopathy in Lust’s Universal Directory.


Queen Adelaide, wife of English King William IV, cured of a serious illness using homeopathy. Homeopathic physicians have been the attending physicians of the royal family since that time.

1836


Enchiridion Medicum (The Practice of Medicine) Christof Hufeland, MD. First published in English, 1844, from the sixth German edition. *


Botanico-Medical College of Ohio founded by Alva Curtis, MD, in Columbus, OH, without state charter. Pioneering school of botanical medicine education. Moved to Cincinnati and renamed, 1839.


College of Medicine founded in New York City, NY; Botanic; closure, 1846.

1837


“Acupuncture in Rheumatism.” Dr. Wm. Markley Lee. Eclectic Journal of Medicine (John Bell, MD, ed.), January, 1837, p. 99.


The American Physiological Society Forms in Boston by William Alcott and Sylvester Graham; influential in the popular Hygienic movement.


Wooster Beach, MD, founds the New York Medical Academy, later becomes the Reformed Medical College of New York, original school of “Reformed Medicine”.

1838


Phoebe Champlin Low, MD, (d. 1911) graduated from the Philadelphia Eclectic Medical College in 1872 and moved to Liberty, NY, where she practiced until 1907. She was active regionally and as Secretary of the National Eclectic Medical Society.

1839


Adolph von Lippe, MD. Emigrates to U.S.; attends Allentown Academy of the Homoeopathic Healing Art; granted diploma, 1841. Chair of Materia Medica at Homoeopathic College of Pennsylvania, 1863-1868. Strict Hahnemanian, renowned for major contributions to homeopathic literature, philosophy, methods, practice, materia medica, and clinical cases.


Report of the trial of Dr. Samuel Thomson, the founder of the Thomsonian practice, for an alleged libel in warning the public against the impositions of Paine D. Badger, as a Thomsonian physician sailing under false colors, before Judge Thacher, in the Municipal Court of Boston; April Term, 1839. Samuel Thomson. *


American Medical College (Eclectic) founded in Cincinnati, OH. Merges with Eclectic Medical Institute, 1857.

Literary and Botanico-Medical Institute of Ohio opened by Alva Curtis, MD, as a state-chartered school; moves to Cincinnati, OH, 1841.


Medical Department of Pennsylvania College founded in Philadelphia, PA. Absorbs Philadelphia College of Medicine and Surgery, 1859. Absorbed by Eclectic Medical College of Philadelphia, 1863.


Southern Botanico-Medical College founded in Forsyth, GA; first graduates, 1841; moved to Macon, GA, 1846; becomes Reform Medical College of Georgia, 1854. Suspended, 1861-1867; reformss as College of American Medicine and Surgery, 1874; charter transferred to Georgia College of Eclectic Medicine and Surgery, 1884.

1840-1849

1840±

Forest geometer J. H. Rausse, alias Heinrich F. Francke, (1805-1848) introduces the term “Naturheilkunde”. 

1840


Simon Baruch, MD (d. 1921). Polish-born Jewish immigrant and influential advocate of the urban public bathhouse and hydrotherapy. Attending physician to Manhattan General Hospital and New York Juvenile Asylum; consulting physician to the Knickerbocker, Montefiori and Bellevue Hospitals, hydrotherapeutist to Sea View Hospital for tuberculosis, formerly professor of Hydrotherapy, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, and Honorary member of the South Carolina Medical Association. Authored The Uses of Water in Modern Medicine (1892), The Principles and Practice of Hydrotherapy, A Guide to the Application of Water in Disease for Students and Practitioners of Medicine (1898), An Epitome of Hydrotherapy for Physicians, Architects and Nurses (1920).

1841


The Thomsonian Materia Medica: or, Botanic Family Physician: Comprising a philosophical theory, the natural organization and assumed principles of animal and vegetable life: to which are added the description of plants and their various compounds. Samuel Thomson. *


Literary and Botanico-Medical Institute of Ohio moves to Cincinnati, OH.

1842

Crawford W. Long, MD, a surgeon practicing in Athens, Georgia, pioneers use of sulfuric ether for surgical anesthesia. Nevertheless, William Morton, a young dentist at Massachusetts General Hospital has often been considered the first to use the gas for anesthesia.


Hydropathy; or The Cold Water Cure, as practiced by Vincent Priessnitz, at Graefenberg, Silesia, Austria. Capt. R.T. Claridge, Third Edition. Influential in spreading hydrotherapy to English-speaking countries, including England and Australia.


The American Practice Condensed, or, The Family Physician: Being the Scientific System of Medicine, on Vegetable Principles, Designed for All Classes. (12th edition). Wooster Beach, MD.  *


Reformed Medical College of Cincinnati founded; closed or merged, 1845.

1843


A Guide To Health: Being an Exposition of the Principles of the Thomsonian System of Practice, etc. Benjamin Colby. (3rd Ed., 1846) *


John Stuart Mill publishes A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive, coining the word ‘Emergentism.’


Wooster Beach, MD, publishes The Family Physician, or, The Reformed System of Medicine on Vegetable or Botanical Principles: Being a Compendium of the “American Practice” Designed For All Classes, in Nine Parts … : this work embraces the character, causes, symptoms, and treatment of the diseases of men, women, and children of all climates. [https://iiif.lib.harvard.edu/manifests/view/drs:45432096$1i]


Eclectic Medical Institute relocates from Worthington, OH and initial classes in Cincinnati by Professors Thomas Vaughn Morrow and A. H. Baldridge after having no graduating classes 1839-1843; chartered in 1845; last class graduated in 1929; re-opened, in 1931; last class graduated, in 1939.

1844

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

First U.S. hydropathic facility established by Russell T. Trall, MD, and Joel Shew, MD; New York City, NY.


The Botanic Physician: being a compendium of the practice of medicine upon botanic principles – containing all the principal branches necessary to the study of medicine as causes, symptoms, and cure of diseases : midwifery, materia medica, pharmacy and botany, surgery, physiology &c. : together with a great variety of useful recipes. Isaac S. Smith. *


The Southern Botanic Physician: Being a treatise on the character, causes, symptoms and treatment of the diseases of men, women and children of all climates, on vegetable or botanical principles, as taught at the reformed medical colleges in the U.S. : containing also many valuable recipes for preparing medicines : the whole preceded by practical rules for the prevention of disease and the preservation of health. Simon B. Abbott, MD. *

The American Institute of Homeopathy is established as the pioneering professional association of homeopathic practitioners in the U.S., predominantly MDs, “in response to the lack of national medical standards.” First national medical society of physicians in the U.S.; claim conflicts with that of Reformed Medical Society.

1845


Daniel David Palmer, DC (d. 1913). ‘Discoverer’ and founder of chiropractic as a distinct therapeutic system; evolved from magnetic healing to chiropractic. Vitalist approach, emphasizing “Innate” intelligence, manipulation and cause of most disease due to subluxation and disrupted nerve flow with resulting ‘friction.’


Hermann Kolbe (1818-1884) reported the laboratory conversion of inorganic carbon disulfide to organic acetic acid further ‘discrediting’ vitalism within prevailing perceptions.


Kneipp Water-Cure Journal first issue published; circulation more than 50,000 by early 1850s.


The Eclectic Medical Institute receives its charter from the State of Ohio.

1846


Sebastian Kneipp develops Kneipp Cure school of hydrotherapy involving application of water through various methods, temperatures, and pressures.


Spanish Bishop, Rosendo Salvado, of the Benedictine Order of Monks founds monastic town, New Norcia, in Western Australia to treat indigenous communities with homeopathy and Eclectic medicine.


A Synopsis of Lectures On Medical Science: Embracing the Principles of Medicine, Or Physiology, Pathology, and Therapeutics, As Discovered in Nature; … to Those Principles, As Applied by Art. Alva Curtis, MD. *


Hydropathy: or the System of Effecting Cures by Means of Cold Water. Epitomized from The Celebrated Work of Captain Claridge, FSA. First Australian publication in the Priessnitz lineage of hydrotherapy, published in Launceston by Captain Claridge.


New England Medical Eclectic, and Guide to Health. Calvin Newton, MD.*


Samuel Jackson, MD, of Northumberland, PA, in “Nature and the Physician in the Cure of Disease”, critiqued the position that “the physician is the mere servant of nature, which cures nearly all diseases” and “therefore propose[s] to reverse the maxim, and say that nature is the servant of the physician.” Reviewing history, he wrote: “With Van Helmont it was an Archeus, with Stahl an Anima Medica, Cullen thought it a Vis Medicatrix, and many, from Hippocrates to the seventeenth century, dignified it by the name of Autokrateia. It has even been endowed with intelligence, but at present it must be considered as the mere physiological necessity of organized matter. That must have been considered as a cruel and malicious intelligence, which could stir up such painful curative commotions as colic and dysentery.” (The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal. 33,23, p.461-463.)


Worcester Botanico-Medical College opened by Calvin Newton as a Physiomedicalist branch institution under the degree authority of the Southern Botanico-Medical College in Macon, Georgia. Name changed to Worcester Botanico-Medical College in 1847. Newton’s New England Medical Eclectic and Guide to Health was the official organ of college Reorganized as New England Botanico-Medical College (1849) and then as reorganized as Worchester Medical College under a Massachusetts charter, 1951. Gained affiliation with Syracuse Medical College in 1852. Conferred first degree of MD in New England upon a woman (Dr. Lucinda Hall). Moved to Chapman Hall in Boston, MA, 1856; closure, 1859.

1847


The American Practice Condensed, or, The Family Physician: being the scientific system of medicine, on vegetable principles, designed for all classes. (12th edition) Wooster Beach, MD. Key midcentury book by educational leader.*


American Medical Association (AMA) founded by national convention at Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA; spearheaded by Nathan Smith Davis’ 1845 resolution to the NY Medical Association, to secure the privileged position of the Regular medical profession. The exclusionary consultation clause included in the Code of Ethics adopted by AMA at 1847 founding; clause aggressively applied starting 1855 and again in early 20th century.


Medical School of Fredonia moves to Rochester, NY, to become Eclectic Medical Institute of New York, 1848; merges with Randolph Eclectic Medical Institute and moves to Syracuse, NY, to become the Central Medical College of New York, 1849.

Harriet Hunt (1805-1875). First woman to apply to Harvard Medical School; rejected twice; received honorary MD, 1853, from the Female Medical College of Pennsylvania.

1848


An Improved System of Midwifery: Adapted to the Reformed Practice of Medicine … ; to which is Annexed, a Compendium of the Treatment of Female and Infantile Diseases; with Remarks on Physiological and Moral Elevation. Wooster Beach, MD. Baker & Scribner. *


Constantine Hering, MD, Jacob Jeanes, MD, and Walter Williamson, MD obtain a charter for the Homeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; remains a center of homeopathic education in the U.S. and world until the early 20th century.


Eclectic Medical College of Indiana Founded in Louisville, KY; closure date unknown.


Randolph Eclectic Medical Institute Founded in Rochester, NY. Merges with Eclectic Medical Institute of New York and moves to Syracuse, NY in 1849, to become Central Medical College of New York.


“… Though somewhat partial to the name Thomsonian, as we look on the discoveries which Samuel Thomson made in medicine to be superior to any and all of the theories of past ages; yet, by assuming his name we make ourselves liable to be accused of advocating his errors (for no one is perfect); and his opposition to education &c., makes this epithet really objectionable… It restricts those who assume it, to his notions and views, and rather forbids improvement in our noble science.”  (The New England Botanic and Medical Surgical Journal, Worcester, Mass., 2:13.) 

1849

John Uri Lloyd, PharM, PhD (d. 1936). Pioneer in modern use of plant preparations in medicine; influential in pharmacognosy, herbal pharmaceutical manufacturing, ethnobotany, American materia medica, economic botany. Founded Lloyd Brothers Pharmacists, Cincinnati, OH, with brothers, one of world’s largest and most sophisticated pharmaceutical companies; its library contained the largest collection of global herbal literature. Lloyd published plant medicine Bulletins (with topics that included belladonna, goldenseal, damiana, and aloe), and eight works of fiction. Received the Remington Medal and Ebert Prize in 1920; successful and controversial figure; central in Eclectic medicine; acclaimed as modern alchemist; twice elected president of American Pharmaceutical Association.


Bavarian physician Lorenz Gleich, MD (1798-1865), first defines the term “Naturheilkunde” as a collective of three principles: natural instinct theory, the natural way of life, and natural therapeutic methods. He operated a treatment facility near Munich, that combined hydrotherapy, nutrition and physical exercise therapies and would later found “Vereins zur Förderung der Naturheilverfahren,” the “Association for the Promotion of Naturopathic Treatments”. Vigorously opposed to allopathic practices.


Carl Schultz, MD, ND (d. 1935). Known as ‘father’ of naturopathy in California during early decades of the 20th century; founded Naturopathic Institute and Sanitarium of California and the California University of Liberal Physicians; largely responsible for original licensure of naturopaths in California, the first state to achieve this status.


Central Medical College of New York, Syracuse, NY, formed by merger of Eclectic Medical Institute of New York and Randolph Eclectic Medical Institute; moved to Rochester, became Rochester Eclectic Medical College, 1850; closed, 1852.


Western College of Homeopathic Medicine founded in Cleveland, OH; first graduates, 1851; becomes Western Homeopathic College, 1857; becomes Homeopathic Hospital College, 1870; absorbs Homeopathic Medical College for Women, 1881; becomes Cleveland University of Medicine and Surgery, 1894; merges with Cleveland Medical College (Homeopathic) to become Cleveland Homeopathic Medical College, 1898.

Elizabeth Blackwell graduates from Geneva Medical College, NY, as the first woman in the U.S. to receive a medical degree (M.D.) from a Regular medical school; presents “NY Lectures on the Laws of Life,” need for physical education and exercise for children’s development, 1852; opens first women-run New York Infirmary for Indigent Women and Children, 1857; exists today as New York University Downtown Hospital.

1850-1859

1850


Eli G. Jones, MD (d. 1933). Innovative, highly regarded, and influential physician; initially a Regular MD, realigned to Eclectic practice, then sequentially integrated homeopathy, Physiomedicalism and Schüssler’s biochemic cell salts to create a syncretic system of therapeutics. Author of Cancer: Its Causes, Symptoms and Treatment. Giving the Results of over Forty Years’ Experience in the Medical Treatment of this Disease and Definite Medication. in Definite Medication he advocated low dosage botanical extracts; also known for prescribing homeopathic mother tinctures. For many years published A Journal of Therapeutic Facts for the Busy Doctor.


Ernst Schweninger (d. 1924) Opens first nature cure hospital; located in Berlin.


A Fair Exposition of Allopathy, or the Pathological System of Medicine, with its Kindred Systems and Branches. Alva Curtis, MD.*


Experience in Water Cure. Mary Gove Nichols (née Mary Sargeant Neal).


Hydropathy for the People: With Plain Observations of Drugs, Diet, Water, Air, and Exercise. William Horsell and R.T. Trall, MD.


Prof. J. King’s Introductory Lecture. John King, MD. Eclectic Medical Institute of Cincinnati.* 


“The Production of Vital Force. Annual Oration 1849. A Discourse delivered before the Massachusetts Medical Society, at their Annual Meeting, May 30th, 1849.” Edward Jarvis, MD. Massachusetts Medical Society.* (https://www.massmed.org/About/MMS-Leadership/History/The-Production-of-Vital-Force/)


The Water Cure Manual: a popular work, embracing descriptions of the various modes of bathing, the hygienic and curative effects of air, exercise, clothing, occupation, diet, water-drinking, etc. : together with descriptions of diseases, and the hydropathic means to be employed therein, illustrated with cases of treatment and cure containing, also, a fine engraving of Priessnitz. Joel Shew (1816-1855).*


Literary and Botanico-Medical Institute of Ohio renamed as Physio-Medical College, 1850; literary and medical departments separate in 1851 with the medical department adopting Physiopathic Medical College of Ohio as its name; closed, 1880.


Syracuse Medical College founded in Syracuse, NY; Eclectic; closure, 1855.


Thompsonian College founded in Barbourville, GA.

Female Medical College of Pennsylvania established in Philadelphia, PA, by a small group of Quaker businessmen, clergy, and physicians, headed by philanthropist William J. Mullen. Founded amid reformist social movements; important as the first Regular medical school for women in the world, as well as the last medical school in the world to provide medical education exclusively for women.

1851


Physico-physiological Researches on the Dynamics of Magnetism, Electricity, Heat, Light, Crystallization, and Chemism, in Their Relations to Vital Force. Karl Freiherr von Reichenbach. (1788-1869).


The Hydropathic Encyclopedia: A system of Hydropathy and Hygiene in Eight Parts … Designed as a Guide to Families and Students, and a Text-book for Physicians. Vol. 1 and 2. Russell T. Trall, MD. *

John H. Tilden, MD (d. 1940). Graduate of Eclectic Medical Institute, Cincinnati, OH, practices in Illinois; publishes numerous periodicals, pamphlets, and books, including The Philosophy of Health, renamed Health Review and Critique, 1926; advanced the understanding of toxemia; degeneration and healing model, 1926, (enervation, toxemia, irritation, inflammation, ulceration, induration, fungation, cancer) parallels with Hippocratic concept of ‘coction’ and Lindlahr’s healing reaction model (1913).


Founding of an “Organ for the Promotion of Naturopathy” in München (Munich). Fachverband Deutscher Heilpraktiker, Landesverband Bayern e.V. (https://www.heilpraktikerverband-bayern.de/heilpraktikerverband/pdf/150_jahre.pdf)


Cleveland Homeopathic Medical College established. Closed 1890.

1852


301 homeopaths in New York; by 1899 there were 1203 homeopaths.


John Harvey Kellogg, MD. (d. 1943) American businessman, inventor, and physician who was also a Seventh Day Adventist and an advocate of liberal theology. He was the director of the Battle Creek Sanitarium in Battle Creek, Michigan, which had been founded by members of the Seventh-Day Adventist Church. While known for the cereal food company he founded and perhaps less so the Sanitarium, Kellogg was active in many related fields over half a century. He secured a patent for the first ‘health food’ cereal (1895), built residential retreat centers combining diet, exercise and water cure, and organized early conferences on eugenics. Many of his concerns and recommendations paralleled the healthy living protocols (and moralistic underpinnings) of the Hygienic movement and then the emerging naturopathic profession. Kellogg’s relationship with naturopaths was often contentious.

Kellogg’s numerous influential professional and popular books include The Home Hand-Book of Domestic Hygiene and Rational Medicine (1880, 1886, 1899), Rational Hydrotherapy (1903), Light Therapeutics (1910), Needed – A New Human Race Official Proceedings: Vol. I, Proceedings of the First National Conference on Race Betterment (1914), The Eugenics Registry Official Proceedings: Vol II, Proceedings of the Second National Conference on Race Betterment (1915), Autointoxication or Intestinal Toxemia (1922), Tobaccoism or How Tobacco Kills (1923), New Dietetics: A Guide to Scientific Feeding in Health and Disease (1923), and Art of Massage: A Practical Manual for the Nurse, the Student and the Practitioner (1929).


Metropolitan Medical College founded in New York City, NY; Eclectic; charter revoked, 1862.

1853


A Plea for the Botanic Practice of Medicine. John Skelton. *


First known promotion of Australian materia medica after herbalist, George Blaker, reports to German colleagues his self-cure of rheumatism after sleeping under fresh gum leaves (eucalypt). First description of an Australian indigenous herb into the Western botanical materia medica.


Anti-Vaccination League founded in London in response to the Vaccination Act of 1853 that made vaccination compulsory under threat of fine or imprisonment.


American College of Medicine founded in Philadelphia, PA; becomes part of Eclectic Medical College of Philadelphia, 1856; absorbed Pennsylvania Medical College, 1863; became Philadelphia University of Medicine and Surgery, 1865; closed, 1880.


New York Hydropathic and Physiological School founded, New York City, NY, by Russell Trall, MD; “hydropathic and physiological school” with pioneering four-year curriculum; nearly half of early enrollees were women; women MDs prominent on faculty; becomes New York Hygeio-Therapeutic College, 1857; closed, 1864.

1854

A Treatise on the Eclectic Southern Practice of Medicine. J. Cam Massie, MD.*


Key to the Materia Medica, or, Comparative Pharmacodynamics. Adolph von Lippe, MD (1812-1888).


The American Eclectic Dispensatory. John King, MD. *


The American Eclectic Practice of Medicine. Vol. 1 and 2. Ichabod G. Jones, MD. Eclectic Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio. **


The Eclectic Practice of Medicine. W. Byrd Powell, MD.*

1855


Publication of The American Dispensatory. John King, MD; 5th edition 1859. Classic 1905 edition edited by Harvey Wickes Felter and John Uri Lloyd.


The American Medical Association institutes an aggressive application of “consultation clause” in its code of ethics (1847) stating that orthodox physicians will lose AMA membership if they consult with a homeopath or any other “irregular” practitioner.

1856


(Leopold) Emanuel Felke (d. 1926). Protestant pastor, known as “the clay vicar.” Introduced loam baths to nature cure movement; contributes to development iridology and complex homeopathy; student of Priessnitz and Kneipp, influenced by Hahnemann and Paracelsus. Felke Cure used natural interventions such as light, air, clay, etc. and considered health determinants in supporting innate self-healing.


Eclectic Medical Journal of Philadelphia. Ed., William Paine, later John Buchanan.


The Water-Cure in America: Over three hundred cases of various diseases treated with water by Drs. Wesselhoeft, Shew, Bedortha, Shieferdecker, Trall, Nichols, and others: With cases of domestic practice: Designed for popular as well as professional reading. H.F. Phinney, ed. New York: Fowler and Wells. *


Russell T. Trall, MD, uses term ‘naturepathy’ in “Hygeiopathy,” an editorial in The Water-Cure Journal, March 1856. (Herbert Shelton, Natural Hygiene, p. 77.)


Eclectic Medical College of Pennsylvania founded in Philadelphia, PA; closure, 1880.


Eclectic College of Medicine and Surgery founded in Cincinnati, OH; first graduates, 1857; merges with Eclectic Medical Institute, 1859.

1857

The Epitome of the American Eclectic Practice of Medicine, embracing pathology, symptomatology, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Containing, also, a complete list of the remedies used by allopathists, homeopathists, and hydropathists, and an eclectic pharmacy and glossary. Designed for physicians, the student of medicine, and as a domestic practice for families. William Paine, MD.*


Matilde Montoya Lafragua, MD (d. 1938). First female physician and homeopath in Mexico. At age 16, she receives the title of midwife, soon aspires to earning a medical degree. After several challenges to her admission, she graduates from National School of Medicine as Doctor of Surgery and Obstetrics; President Diaz and his wife appeared in person to congratulate her. She studied homeopathy on her own and with other practitioners.

Botanic Medical College founded in Memphis, TN; becomes Eclectic Medical Institute, 1859. Closure, 1861.


New York Hygeio-Therapeutic College, “hydropathic and physiological school” authorized to confer MD degree by state legislature; closed, 1864.

1859

Adolph Just (d. 1936). German nature cure practitioner; founder of renowned sanatorium Jungborn in Eckertal; promotes self-care, healthy living, “earth” as healing force. Major influence on Benedict Lust and other early naturopaths, especially through his Return to Nature (1900).


American Medical Botany, and Nature in Disease. Jacob Bigelow, MD. A pioneering botanical book in the U.S.


Victor G. Rocine, DSc (d. 1943). Norwegian homeopath and biochemist moved to Chicago, then Portland, OR. Developed constitutional nutrition system; publishes many books, including Chemical Diagnosis: BioChemistry, Foods and Chemicals, Heads, Faces, Types, Races, and Mind Training which influenced Leo Verbon, W.H. Pyott, Bernard Jensen and other naturopaths; precedes study of genetic expression.


Eclectic College of Medicine and Surgery formed through a split from Eclectic Medical Institute.


Hahnemann Medical College and Hospital of Chicago founded in Chicago, IL; first graduates, 1861; merged with Chicago Homeopathic Medical College, 1904; closed after a failed merger with Northwestern in 1921.


Homeopathic Medical College of Missouri founded in St. Louis, MO; first graduates, 1860. Absorbs Hering Medical College and St. Louis College of Homeopathic Physicians and Surgeons, 1882. Closure, 1909.


Physio-Medical Institute chartered in Cincinnati, OH; later moves to Chicago, IL. and becomes Physio-Medical Institute of Chicago; closed, 1885.

1860-1869

1860


Johann Heinrich Lahmann, MD (d. 1905). Student of Schroth and Priessnitz; founded famous sanitarium, developed five special diets based on patient conditions. “Dr. Lahmann, of Dresden, was one of the first to perceive the basic importance of the mineral elements in food at a time when British doctors knew … [little to nothing] … about nutrition…. Lahmann opened his own establishment at Dresden and at this Nature Cure Home, which achieved world-wide fame, made a feature of sun and air baths.” One of the earliest pioneers and proponents of nature cure. (Nature Cure Explained. Alan Moyle. 1950; pp. 75, 90.)


American Eclectic Materia Medica and Therapeutics. Publ., John M. Scudder, MD, and Eli Jones, MD. 12th Edition with numerous revisions, 1898.*

John M. Scudder, MD
As Artisan, 1870s, 1880s, 1890s.
(Colorized.)


A Monograph of Gelsemium. Edwin A. Hale, MD. First of many publications introducing new and indigenous New World plants into the homeopathic materia medica; first edition of New Remedies published in 1862.

1861


The Victoria Hydropathic Establishment, first Australian hydrotherapy spa, opens in Malvern, Victoria.


Electropathic Institute formed in Philadelphia, PA; moves to Brantford, Ontario, and then Mentor, OH, 1876.


Rudolph Steiner (d. 1925). Visionary, spiritual scientist, educator; founder of Anthroposophy, including biodynamic farming, Waldorf education, and Anthroposophic Medicine, a continuation of the lineages of Paracelsus, European alchemy and spagyric medicine.

1862

Henry Lindlahr, MD (d. 1924). Medical degree received from Illinois College of Medicine. Articulator of foundational natural medicine clinical theory; synthesized, evolved vitalist and nature cure principles, developed a systematic application and clinical therapeutics in multi-volume text, particularly Vol I: Nature Cure: Philosophy and Practice Based on the Unity of Disease and Cure. Founded and operated Lindlahr School of Natural Therapeutics, a seminal school, and the widely recognized sanitarium, Lindlahr Health Resort, in Elmhurst and Chicago, IL. Major influence via his teaching and writing during his career, through Spitler’s Basic Naturopathy (1948), and when his works on nature cure theory and natural therapeutics are republished during the naturopathic profession’s renaissance. Although never an ND, honored as “One of the five great Naturopaths of America” in 1947 at the Golden Jubilee Convention of the American Naturopathic Association.

Louis Pasteur’s experiments contribute to germ theory of infectious disease causation.

MD Homeopaths operate 110 hospitals, 145 dispensaries, over 30 nursing homes, 62 orphan asylums and retirement homes, and 16 ‘insane asylums’ in the U.S.

1863

The Herald of Health and Water-Cure Journal. Publ., R. Trall, MD.


The Practice of Medicine on Thomsonian principles: adapted as well to the use of families as to that of the practitioner : containing a biographical sketch of Dr. Thomson, propositions illustrative of the philosophy of Thomsonianism, a brief history of the symptoms, peculiarities, and general course of disease in its different forms and varieties : with practical directions for administering the Thomsonian medicines, including the various methods of administering vapour baths, emetics, &c., and a materia medica adapted to the book. John W. Comfort.*


Michigan School of Homeopathy and Surgery founded in Detroit; closure date unknown.


The New York Medical College for Women, founded by Clemence Sophia Lozier, MD, opened in November, 1863, as a homeopathic medical school; first graduates, 1864; renamed New York Medical College and Hospital for Women, 1866; students transferred to New York Medical College, 1918.

1864

“Ancient and modern eclecticism in medicine: an address delivered before the Eclectic Medical Society of the State of New York, June 8, 1864.” Robert S. Newton, MD. *


Eclectic Practice of Medicine. John Milton Scudder, MD. Many revisions until final in 1906. *


New Remedies: Their Pathogenetic Effects and Therapeutical Application … Edwin M. Hale, MD. Key work in integrating western hemisphere plants into homeopathic materia medica and practice. *


The Lloyd Library and Museum founded by John Uri Lloyd in Cincinnati, OH; unrivaled botanical library and pharmacy museum. Still operating.


Roberta Lee Crumpler, MD. (1831-1895). Graduates from New England Female Medical College to become the first African American woman to receive MD. Cared for indigent, poor communities. Wrote Book of Medical Discourses addressing life development and ‘treating of the cause, prevention, and cure’ of infants, women and children’s common ailments.


Franz Schonenberger (d. 1933). One of the first university professors of nature cure methods in Berlin, Prussia.

1865


Joseph Lister, MD (1827-1912). Often acclaimed as “father of modern surgery”, develops the practice of antiseptic surgery while working as a surgeon at the Glasgow Royal Infirmary. While treating patients with compound fracture injuries he sterilized surgical instruments, the patient’s skin, incisions, dressings and the surgeon’s hands using carbolic acid spray (phenol). This procedure greatly reduced infections during and after surgery, enabled abdominal and other intracavity surgery, and provided practical application to the discoveries of Ignaz Semmelweis and the germ theory of Louis Pasteur.


An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine. Claude Bernard, MD. Translated to English by H.C. Greene. “The constancy of the internal environment is the condition for a free independent life.” Bernard originated the term milieu intérieur, and, as such, his writings are often viewed as a key articulation of the Terrain Theory school of disease causation. *


Who is a homoeopathician?: A lecture delivered before the Hahnemannian Institute, Philadelphia, February 17th, 1865. Adolph von Lippe, MD.*

1866

Jacob W. Crosby practices ‘Naturepathy’ in Boston from at least 1866 until 1880. (The Rational Basis of “Nature Cure.” André Saine, ND. Naturopathic Gathering, SCNM, November 15, 2008.)


Arnold Ehret (d. 1922). German health educator, botanist, and author of several books on natural healing, vegetarian diet, detoxification, fruitarianism, fasting, food combining, longevity, physical culture, and vitalism. Moves from Germany to U.S. in 1914, settling in California.

A Fair Examination and Criticism of All the Medical Systems in Vogue. Alva Curtis, MD.*


In Generelle Morphologie der Organismen (General Morphology), specifically the section entitled “Oecologie und Chorologie,” and subsequent works, Ernst Haeckel (1834-1919) introduces and develops the term “oecologia,” initially in German but derived from the Greek word oikos, meaning “household”. “By ecology, we mean the whole science of the relations of the organism to the environment including, in the broad sense, all the ‘conditions of existence.’ These are partly organic, partly inorganic in nature; both, as we have shown, are of the greatest significance for the form of organisms, for they force them to become adapted.” In so doing, he also pioneered the construction of phylogenetic charts that indicated which groups of species were most closely related in their ecological context.


Principles of Medicine. John Milton Scudder, MD.*


Text Book of Materia Medica. Adolph von Lippe, MD.


The Homeopathic Medical Society of Pennsylvania founded.


Eclectic Medical College of New York City founded in New York City, NY; first graduates, 1867; closed, 1913.


Hahnemann Medical College of Philadelphia founded in Philadelphia, PA; first graduates, 1868; merges into Homeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania, 1869, retained name.

1867


Anti-Compulsory Vaccination League formed in England after riots in reaction to the Vaccination Act of 1867. Led by Richard B. Gibbs, resistance focused concern upon the infringement of personal liberty and medical choice. Newsletter, the National Anti-Compulsory Vaccination Reporter.


Maximilian Bircher-Benner, MD (d. 1939). Nature cure practitioner in Zurich, Switzerland.


Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of Surgery. Joseph Lister, MD.


Milo Erskine Yergin, MD, ND, DO, DC (d. unknown). Developed analysis and treatment emphasizing nutrition and activity in alignment with natural systems. Honored as “One of the five great Naturopaths of America” in 1947 at the Golden Jubilee Convention of the American Naturopathic Association.


New Remedies: Their Pathogenetic Effects and Therapeutical Application in Homoeopathic Practice. Edwin M.Hale, MD. Further develops integration of Western hemisphere herbs into the homeopathic materia medica. *


The Regulars in West Virginia found the West Virginia Medical Society.


American University of Pennsylvania (Eclectic) founded in Philadelphia, PA; closure, 1880.


Constantine Hering, MD, homeopathic physician withdraws from The Homeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania because he maintained that the teaching of pathology should be included in the curriculum.


Hahnemann Medical College of Philadelphia founded by Constantine Hering, MD; renamed Hahnemann Medical College in honor of Samuel Hahnemann, founder of homeopathy, in 1869. Became Hahnemann University in 1982. Drexel University board of trustees voted unanimously to merge Hahnemann University with Drexel, 2002.

1868

Joe Shelby Riley, DO, DC, ND (d. 1947). Plays major role in early naturopathic (and chiropractic) educational institutions and professional organizations; popularized Zone Therapy. Honored as “One of the five great Naturopaths of America” in 1947 at the Golden Jubilee Convention of the American Naturopathic Association.


Louisa Stroebele Lust, ND (d. 1925). Studied nature cure methods of Rikli and Kuhne in London prior to coming to America, where she founded Bellevue Kneipp Sanatorium in Butler, NJ (1896) and married Benedict Lust (1901). Successful naturopathic physician who specialized in the treatment of women; leading financial partner in establishing sanatoria in New Jersey and Florida; financed establishment of first naturopathic college. Practice emphasized diet, hydrotherapy and other hygienic approaches.


Bernarr Macfadden, originally Bernard Adolphus McFadden (d. 1955). Founder of physical culture movement, a combination of bodybuilding, nutrition and health principles; author, editor, and publishing manager responsible for many publications, including among the largest circulation periodicals in the U.S. His home study program popularized exercise, diet, health-promoting living. Director of several Healthatorium spas.


Bennett Medical College founded in Chicago, IL; first graduates, 1870. 1909, renamed Bennett Medical College. 1910-1915, absorbed by Loyola University.


Homeopathic Medical College for Women founded in Cleveland, OH; first graduates, 1870. 1870, merged with Homeopathic Hospital College.

1869

The Eclectic Practice in Diseases of Children. John Milton Scudder, MD. Revised, 1881.*


The Physio-Medical Dispensatory. William Cook, MD.


Thermodietetics. Arnold Rikli. Espouses therapeutic value of light, air, and sunbath.


Rudolf Virchow at the gathering of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Naturforscher und Ärzte: “The skillfulness (of a physician) consists therein, that he is able to prevent, abolish, remove and neutralise all those unnatural conditions which have developed, the abnormal situations which have arisen, that means the causes of the disease and that he because of the knowledge that has been provided by physiology and by the serious study of pathology assures that he by extending this very knowledge himself can intervene and thereby achieve that the organs of the organism can function again regularly.” The emergence of these theories of cellular pathology are considered by some as the decisive end of Humoral medicine. (Virchow, R. Über die heutige Stellung der Pathologie. 55:89.)


Germany introduces the General Free Treatment Decree allowing all medical practitioners to practice. Practitioners subsequently organized their respective professional associations.


Faculties of Homeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania and Hahnemann Medical College overcome their disagreements to reunite under Hahnemann name; rebuild the hospital, chartered as the Homeopathic Hospital of Philadelphia.


St. Louis College of Homeopathic Medicine founded in St. Louis, MO; suspended 1871-1880; merged with Homeopathic Medical College of Missouri, 1882.


Mohandas K. Gandhi (d. 1948). Indian anti-colonial Satyagraha activist, humanist; strong proponent of naturopathy and other traditions of natural medicine; organized related national and international activities. Gandhi revived naturopathy in India by founding Nisargopachar Ashram Naturopathic Center in Pune, India in 1946 (future home of the National Institute of Naturopathy, founded in 1986); later collaborating with Nature Cure Hospital and Gandhi Naturopathy Medical College, where Gandhi described 156 days conducting “research” on naturopathy.

1870-1879

1870


Susan Maria McKinney Steward, MD, (1847-1918) became the first female African-American homeopathic physician in the state of New York after earning her medical degree at The New York Medical College for Women; that year she also opened her private clinic in Brooklyn, which she ran from 1870 to 1895. Steward co-founded the Brooklyn Women’s Homeopathic Hospital and Dispensary. In 1898, she became a resident physician and faculty member at Wilberforce University in Ohio. She was also engaged in local missionary work and women’s suffrage advocacy and served as president of the Brooklyn Women’s Christian Temperance Union. In 1911 she addressed the first Universal Race Congress at the University of London.


How to Treat the Sick Without Medicine. James C. Jackson, MD.*


Specific Medication and Specific Medicines. John Milton Scudder, MD. Influential pharmacy and prescribing system.*


Weston A. Price, DDS (d. 1948). Pioneered study of correlation between diet, dental decay and physical degeneration. After observing patients in his American dental practice he investigated the diets of indigenous peoples with excellent teeth, particularly Gaelic Outer Hebrides peoples, Eskimos and Native Americans, Melanesian and Polynesian South Sea Islanders, Australian Aboriginal, and New Zealand Maori communities, and documented a correlation between poor nutrition, non-indigenous diets and dental caries, deformed dental arches, crowded, crooked teeth, and physical degeneration. “Wherever he went, Dr. Price found that beautiful straight teeth, freedom from decay, stalwart bodies, resistance to disease and fine characters were typical of native peoples on their traditional diets, rich in essential food factors.” (The Weston A. Price Foundation, www.westonaprice.org/health-topics/nutrition-greats/weston-a-price-dds/, accessed 11/15/2018.)

1871


Lectures on Diseases of the Heart: with a Materia Medica of the New Heart Remedies. Edwin M. Hale, MD. (2nd enlarged edition 1877). *


Walter B. Cannon, MD, (d. 1945). Graduate, Harvard Medical School, 1900. “Pioneer Physiologist of Human Emotions,” Influenced by Claude Bernard, Cannon becomes a major influence on psychosomatic medicine and on key 20th century naturopaths such as Robert. V. Carroll, Sr. and William Turska. Introduced ‘flight or fight’ response, “sympathico-adrenal system” concepts, physiological changes based on emotion; later summarized in Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear and Rage (1915). Advanced understanding of dynamic complexity of chemical neurotransmission systems, ‘homeostasis’ (coined by Cannon in 1926). In 1928, Cannon increased attention to clinical implications of his physiological discoveries. “All that I have done thus far in reviewing the various protective and stabilizing devices of the body is to present a modern interpretation of the natural vis medicatrix.” (“Walter B. Cannon, L.J. Henderson, and the Organic Analogy,”; S.T. Cross and W.R. Albury. Osiris, 1987).


Detroit Homeopathic Medical College founded in Detroit, MI; closed, 1876.

1872


The True Healing Art: or, Hygienic vs. Drug Medication: An Address Delivered in the Smithsonian Institute, Washington, D.C. Russell T. Trall, MD. *


Benedict Lust, MD, DO, DC, ND (d. 1945). Born in Michelbach, Germany; founder, leader, and champion of naturopathy as both a broad social reform movement for health-promoting culture and as a distinct medical profession. Visionary, publisher, promoter, and social activist, with his wife Louisa Stroebele Lust, ND. After initially advocating naturopathy primarily as an inclusive broad social movement of popular education, healthy living and natural medicine he moved toward proposing naturopaths as a ‘new’ physician-level profession practicing a traditionally-grounded and innovative medical synthesis. Naturopathy’s most visible U.S. leader from its emergence through early institutional formation into mid-century crisis amidst conflict with colleagues emphasizing a democratic professional association, high educational standards and professional licensing. Initially espoused “Natural Living Laws” and Therapeutic Universalism, integrating therapies from diverse drugless schools of thought and practice based on core naturopathic principles but later more restrictive and proprietary. Founded American School of Naturopathy (1901) and American Naturopathic Association (1919); publisher of The Naturopath and Herald of Health. Honored as “One of the five great Naturopaths of America” in 1947 at the Golden Jubilee Convention of the American Naturopathic Association.


Pulte Medical College (Homeopathic) founded in Cincinnati, OH; first graduates 1873; merges with the Cleveland Homeopathic Medical College to form Cleveland-Pulte Medical College, 1910.

1873


Dinshah P. Ghadiali (d. 1966). Inventor of the Spectro-Chrome System: focusing light through colored glass of specific frequencies. Through extensive documented research published in Visible Spectrum Researcher he claimed that his instrument “acts upon the Physical Body, not by absorption or penetration, but by a process of Reinforcement or Interference on the Radio Emanations of the Chemical Body, called the Aura or the AuricVehicle.” Significant influence on contemporary and later color therapy and light therapeutics used by G.S. White, M.B. DeJarnette, P. Wendel, other practitioners in the mid-20th century. Subject to attacks based on race and therapeutics, he was often arrested; his research facility was destroyed by arson.


Fredrick W. Collins, MD, DO, ND, PhC (d. 1948). Embraced eclectic aspects of naturopathic medicine. Educator and activist, influential in national professional organizations and educational institutions, established the first naturopathic charity clinic. Founder, First National University of Naturopathy; known for widely used Universal Naturopathic Tonic Technique (UNTT). Nominated to run for president of the United States. Honored as “One of the five great Naturopaths of America” in 1947 at the Golden Jubilee Convention of the American Naturopathic Association.


The Characteristics of the New Remedies. Edwin M. Hale, MD. Further development of clinical application of plants from North America into homeopathic materia medica.


The Medical Eclectic Journal. Publ., A. Wilder, MD, and R.S. Newton, MD; later Ed., John Scudder, MD.


Medical Society of Washington Territory forms, with one of seven physicians being an “irregular,” soon excluded by Regulars.


Medical licensing statutes reintroduced in Arizona (Arizona Territorial Act).


American Medical College; Eclectic. 1910, drops Eclectic medicine; merges with Barnes Medical College in 1911.


Physio-Medical College of Indiana founded in Indianapolis, IN; closed, 1909.

1874


Abridged Therapeutics Founded Upon Histology and Cellular Pathology: With an Appendix, Giving Special Directions for the Application of the Inorganic Cell Salts, and Indications of the Underlying Condition of Morbid States of Tissue; Biochemic Method of Successfully Treating Disease. Wilhelm Heinrich Schüssler (Schuessler) was a German medical doctor. He introduced twelve biochemic ’tissue salts’ or ‘cell salts’, intended to redress perceived bodily deficiencies or metabolic impediments in one mineral or another.


Andrew Taylor Still (d.1917). Introduced the principles of osteopathy and founded the profession of osteopathy in the United States. Advanced philosophy of prevention of disease and treating causes vs. symptoms of disease. Emphasized principles more than techniques, especially the centrality of restoring fluid dynamics to correct dysfunction, restore healthy function, and cure disease.


Physio-Medical Journal and Reform Advocate. Founded, Indiana State Physio-Medical Convention.


Specific Diagnosis: A Study of Disease with Special Reference to the Administration of Remedies. John Milton Scudder, MD.*


The Reproductive Organs and Venereal Diseases and Specific Diagnosis. John Milton Scudder, MD.


Use of the title “Naturaepathic Physician” by Dr. Darrin of Rochester, NY.


Medical licensing statutes reintroduced in Missouri.


St. Louis Eclectic Medical College founded in St. Louis, MO; closed, 1883.

1875

Carl Gustav Jung, MD (d. 1960). Swiss psychologist, psychiatrist founded analytic psychology, diverging from Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalysis. Jung proposed, developed concepts of extraverted and introverted personality, archetypal patterns, collective unconscious. Work influential in psychiatry, study of religion, literature, and related fields; advocated reexamination of myth, art, dreams, astrology and alchemical processes in clinical practice. Psychologische Typen (1921; Psychological Types, 1923) differentiated four mind functions — thinking, feeling, sensation, intuition — which predominate in any given individual. Other influential works include Modern Man in Search of a Soul (1933), Psychology and Religion (1938); Psychologie und Alchemie (1944; Psychology and Alchemy); and Aion: Untersuchungen zur Symbolgeschichte (1951; Aion: Researches into the Phenomenology of the Self). His Erinnerungen, Träume, Gedanken (1962; Memories, Dreams, Reflections) provided popular semi-autobiographical exploration and prelude to the release of the revelatory Liber Novus (“the Red Book”) in 2009.


Materia Medica and Special Therapeutics of the New Remedies. Edwin M. Hale, MD. (2 volumes). **

University of Michigan Homeopathic Medical School founded in Ann Arbor, MI; first graduates, 1877; merged into University of Michigan Medical School, 1922.


Michigan legislature votes to fund a new hospital as long as two homeopathic professors are allowed to teach at University of Michigan.


Medical licensing statutes reintroduced in Nevada.

1876


Medical licensing statutes reintroduced in California.


Medical licensing statutes reintroduced in Vermont.


American Eclectic Medical College founded in Cincinnati, OH; closure, 1896.


Chicago Homeopathic Medical College founded in Chicago, IL; first graduates, 1877; merges with Hahnemann Medical College, 1877. Physio-Eclectic Medical College founded in Cincinnati, OH; closure, 1879.

1877

Georgia Eclectic Medical College founded in Atlanta, GA; acquires charter of College of American Medicine and Surgery, 1844. Renamed Georgia College of Eclectic Medicine and Surgery, 1886. Closure, 1916.


University of Iowa College of Homeopathic Medicine founded in Iowa City, IA; closure date unknown.

1878


James Ross, MD, publishes “Are There Laws of Therapeutics?” in The Practitioner reviewing disputes between homeopaths and allopaths.


Medical licensing statutes reintroduced in Cherokee and Choctaw Nations in Indian Territory. 


Indiana College of Medicine and Midwifery founded in Indianapolis, IN; closure, 1888.


Ellis Reynolds Shipp, MD, graduates from the Women’s Medical College of Pennsylvania and begins practice in Utah.

1879


Otis G. Carroll, ND, SP (d. 1962). Influential and widely respected practitioner, teacher of nature cure therapies; pioneered food intolerance testing, naturopathic physiotherapy, constitutional hydrotherapy during 50 years of practice in Spokane, WA. Often an organizational counterpoint to his brother Robert V. Carroll, Sr. within naturopathic organizational dynamics.


The Guiding Symptoms of Our Materia Medica. Constantine Hering, MD. Ten-volume series of clinical works, principally a collection of cured cases and symptoms, completed in 1891 after his death.


Anti-Vaccination Society of America founded after a visit to New York by William Tebb, British anti-vaccinationist. New England Anti-Compulsory Vaccination League forms in 1882; Anti-Vaccination League of New York City forms in 1885.


Medical licensing statutes reintroduced in Kansas and Texas. 


Buffalo College of Rational Medicine founded in Buffalo, NY; Homeopathic; also known as College of Physicians and Surgeons; closure date unknown.


California Medical College established in Oakland; first graduates, 1880; renamed California Eclectic Medical College in San Francisco, 1906; moved to Los Angeles, CA. Closure, 1915.


Homeopathic College of Physicians and Surgeons founded in Buffalo, NY; first graduates, 1880; becomes College of Physicians and Surgeons, 1880. Closed by Supreme Court of the State of New York, 1884; diplomas legalized by special act of New York Legislature.


Missouri Eclectic Medical College founded in Kansas City, MO, (187X); closure, 1898.


St. Louis College of Physicians and Surgeons chartered. Degree program operated until about 1920 when closed in response to overwhelming competition with St. Louis University and Washington University, local conventional medical colleges. Charter revoked June 7, 1927.

1880-1889

1880


Elisabeth Kenny (d. 1952). A self-trained bush nurse from Warialda, New South Wales, Australia develops a regime to improve polio patient outcomes using hot packs, massage and physical therapy; these principles of muscle rehabilitation became the foundation of physical therapy for such patients.


John Lydon, SP (d. 1963). Controversial “Father of Sanipractic;” first President of Washington Board of Drugless Examiners; founder of American University of Sanipractic, Seattle, WA, and The Sanipractic Magazine. Through Sanipractic practitioners exerted significant influence upon educational, licensing and professional organizational developments in Washington state and the US Pacific Northwest.


Georgia Eclectic Medical Journal. Ed., Joseph Adolphus.


Supplement to the American Dispensatory. John King and John U. Lloyd.


The Home Hand-Book of Domestic Hygiene and Rational Medicine. John H. Kellogg, MD. Revised 1886, 1899.


Eclectic Medical College of Maine founded in Lewiston, ME; 1887, charter revoked.


Hering Medical College founded in St. Louis, MO; 1882, merges with Homeopathic Medical College of Missouri.


Michigan Eclectic Medical College founded in Detroit, MI; closure date unknown.

1881


Louis Pasteur develops an anthrax vaccine.


Discoveries in the field of Natural Science and Medicine: Instruction in the study of Diagnosis from the Eye. Hungarian physician-Dr. Ignatz von Peczely (1822-1911), considered by T. Kriege as the “true discoverer of Iris diagnosis in its present form”.


Massachusetts Eclectic Medical Journal. Eds., Horace. G. Barrows, MD, and G. Hermann Merkel, MD. Ceased publication in 1885.


Medical licensing statutes reintroduced in Colorado.


West Virginia Medical Society (Regular MDs) push for state licensing law adopted by the state legislature as the Board of Health Act that requires an education at a Regular school, effectively excluding homeopathic, Eclectic and Physiomedicalist MDs from practicing in West Virginia.


Curtis Physio-Medical Institute founded in Marion, IL; moved to Indianapolis, IN under new charter, 1893; moves back to Marion, 1894; closure, 1900.


Hahnemann Medical College of the Pacific founded in San Francisco, CA; first graduates, 1884; closure, 1915.


Iowa Eclectic Medical College, the Medical Department of Drake University founded in Des Moines, IA; renamed Iowa Medical College, Eclectic, 1883; closure, 1887.

1882


Bartlett J. (B.J.) Palmer, DC (d. 1961) “The Developer” of chiropractic and son of D.D. Palmer. Key influence in professional formation of chiropractic.


Louis Pasteur develops a rabies vaccine.


Thomas T. Lake, ND, DC (d. 1950). Pioneered drugless psychiatry and multidisciplinary collaboration; developed Mechano-Neural Therapy, Neuropathy and Endo-Nasal therapy.


California Homoeopath. Ed., Wm. Boericke, MD. San Francisco, CA.


Robert (Bob) V. Carroll Sr., DO, ND (d. 1951). Leader of the profession nationally and in the Pacific Northwest region, prominent in the emergence of the American Naturopathic Association, Inc. (“West”). President of Washington Association of Naturopathic Physicians (WANP) over many formative years. Key leader in a group that introduced organizational restructuring and pushed Benedict Lust out of his “President for Life” position within the ANA at San Diego convention in 1935. Key ally of W.A. Budden, A.R. Hedges, W. Martin Bleything, and Henry Schlichting in the broad-scope “mixer” DC/ND community, which was often in conflict with Benedict Lust and his brother, O.G. Carroll, regarding education and professionalization.


Leonard Medical School, Medical Department Shaw University founded in Raleigh, NC; first graduates, 1886; first U.S. four-year medical school; African American College; closure, 1918.

1883


Louis Kuhne opens a clinic for natural therapies in Leipzig, Germany.


Henry Robert Harrower, MD (d. 1934). Early figure in endocrinology and glandular therapy. Authored many pioneering texts, including The Internal Secretions in Practical Medicine (1917) and Practical Organotherapy; the Internal Secretions in General Practice (1920).


Les microzymas dans leurs rapports avec l’hétérogénie, l’histogénie, la physiologie et la pathologie. Antoine Béchamp, MD. Terrain theory of disease causation.


On Plants Used by the Natives of North Queensland, Flinders and Mitchell Rivers, for Food, Medicine, etc, etc., a Treatise on Indigenous Medicines. Ed., Edward Palmer. Publ., Royal Society of New South Wales, Australia.


The American Eclectic Materia Medica and Therapeutics. John Milton Scudder, MD.*


Beach Medical College founded in Indianapolis, IN; renamed Beach Medical Institute, 1884; first graduates, 1885; merged with Indiana Eclectic Medical College, 1886.


King Eclectic Medical College founded in Des Moines, IA; closure, 1889.


University of Nebraska College of Medicine, Eclectic Department founded in Lincoln, NE; closure, 1885.


University of Nebraska College of Medicine, Homeopathic Department founded in Lincoln, NE; closure, 1887.


Woman’s Medical College founded in St. Louis, MO; homeopathic; closure, 1884.

1884


American Clinical Climatology Journal of Balneotherapy.


Casimir Funk (d. 1967) Polish biochemist who formulates concept of vitamins in 1911 as “vital amines” or “vitamines.” He identified deficiency disorders such as beriberi and scurvy that could be cured by vitamins.


Drugs and Medicines of North America: a publication devoted to the historical and scientific discussion of botany, pharmacy, chemistry and therapeutics of the medical plants of North America, their constituents, products and sophistications … v. 1-2; [Apr. 1884-June 1887]. John Uri Lloyd and C. G. Lloyd.* 

1885

Wallace Anderson, MD. Translates Hippokrates’ original Greek Νούσων φύσιες ίητροί as “Our natures are the physicians of our diseases” in his “Introductory Address at the Opening of the Session in the Royal Infirmary School of Medicine: On the Vis Medicatrix Naturae.” *


Royal Lee, DDS (d. 1967). Pioneering food chemist and author. Developed protomorphogen therapy, using animal derived glandular substances and enzymatic processing, in theory, to provide genetic blueprints and raw materials to facilitate cell-type production of healthy cells.


The Complete Herbalist, or, The people their own physicians by the use of nature’s remedies: describing the great curative properties found in the herbal kingdom; a new and plain system of hygienic principles together with comprehensive essays on sexual philosophy, marriage, divorce, &c. O. Phelps Brown. *


Chicago Physio-Medical Institution founded in Chicago, IL; first graduates, 1886; renamed Chicago Physio-Medical College, 1891; absorbs Chicago College of Medicine and Surgery (Physio-Medical) and became College of Medicine and Surgery (Physio-Medical), 1899; merged with Physio-Medical College of Dallas, TX, 1908; absorbed by Chicago College of Medicine and Surgery, 1911.

1885 (-1886) 


After training under Louis Kuhne, Acharya Puccha Venkata Ramaiah returns to India to promote the practice of naturopathy.  

1886


Journal of Balneology. Ed., Simon Baruch, MD.

 


Meine Wasserkur (My Water Cure: Tested for more than 35 years and published for the Cure of Diseases and the Preservation of Health). Sebastian Kneipp. First English translation, 1891.*


“The non-materialistic character of the mind; the doctorate address delivered at the commencement exercises of Bennett Medical College, March 23, 1886.” Finley Ellingwood, MD.*


(Alvin) R. Hedges, DC, ND (d. 1978). Practiced with Louise Hedges, DC, ND, in Medford, OR, beginning in 1911. Activist and ally of W.A. Budden, Robert Carroll (Sr.), Henry Schlichting and others, especially dual degree DC/NDs, in Oregon, the Pacific Northwest and nationally. Served on Oregon Board of Naturopathic Examiners, 1931-1933. Active in the Oregon Naturopathic Association as well as Oregon Chiropractic Association and later the mixer Oregon Association of Chiropractic Physicians. In 1949 elected as second vice president of ANA (West) and first vice president from 1950 to 1953, when the organization became the American Naturopathic Physicians and Surgeons Association (ANPSA) in 1951. Hedges was editor of the Journal of the American Naturopathic Association, 1950 and then of Journal of the ANPSA where he actively promoted “supporting the vital force.” Hedges served as ANPSA president 1953-1955. and played a significant role in the founding of NCNM (1956).


The practice of medicine and surgery becomes regulated in British Columbia under the Medical Act. Under this statutory monopoly only conventional “allopathic” and homeopathic MD physicians can be employed by any hospital or provincial public service. Concurrently, the College of Physicians and Surgeons of British Columbia founded.


Medical licensing statutes reintroduced in Iowa. 


Minnesota Homeopathic Medical College founded in Minneapolis, MN; becomes Homeopathic Medical Department of the University of Minnesota, 1888; first graduates 1889; abolished by Board of Regents, 1909.


Naturopathic Institute of Philadelphia, PA, of A. Berlitz, MD, listed in Medical and Surgical Directory of the United States. Publ., R.L. Polk and Co., Detroit, MI; p. 1418.

1887


James C. Thomson (d. 1960). Established Nature Cure movement in Scotland, started a clinic in Edinburgh, Scotland; magazine Health for All, 1938.


The Australian Botanic Guide, Being a Family Hand-Book of Botanic Treatment. John Broadbent.


The Eclectic Family Physician. John M. Scudder.* 


The Magnetic and Botanic Family Physician, and Domestic Practice of Natural Medicine : with illustrations showing various phases of mesmeric treatment, including full and concise instruction in mesmerism, curative magnetism, massage, and medical botany. D. Younger. *


New York College of Magnetics founded in New York City, NY; closure, 1893.


St. Louis Hygienic College of Physicians and Surgeons established by Susannah W. Dodds, MD, and her sister-in-law, Mary Way, MD, in St. Louis, MI; graduated several classes before closing due to lack of funds. “As physicians they have done much for the physical redemption of women.”


Francis Hare (d. 1928) significantly reduces typhoid mortality at Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, Australia, using hydrotherapy; Osler mentions in Principles and Practice of Medicine.

1888


La théorie du microzyma et le système microbien; lettres a M. le Dr. Édouard Fournié … Précédés d’une préface. Antoine Béchamp, MD.


The Natural Method of Healing, a New and Complete Guide to Health (Das neue Naturheilverfahren. Lehr- und Nachschlagebuch der naturgemäßen Heilweise und Gesundheitspfleg). Friedrich Eduard Bilz of Saxony. Commonly referred to as “The Bilz book”; published by the publishing house he also founded, the F.E. Bilz Verlags-Buchhandlung. *


“Ueber eine merkwürdige Beziehung des Bienenstichs zum Rheumatismus” (“About a Peculiar Connection Between the Bee stings and Rheumatism”). Wiener Medizinische Press by Austrian physician Philipp Terč, MD. (Urban & Schwarzenberg. 29 (35): 1261-1263.) Initiated the modern study of apitherapy, specifically using bee venom. 


Kansas City Homeopathic Medical College founded in Kansas City, MO; first graduates, 1889; merged with Hahnemann Medical College of the Kansas City University to form Kansas City Hahnemann Medical College, 1902.

1889

Dr. Johann Nepomuk Stützle (1858-1938) opens the Jordan bath, the first Kneipp bath outside Wörishofen.  


Harry Riley Spitler, DOS, PhD, MD, ND (d. 1961). Highly regarded and widely respected multidisciplinary clinician, educator and activist. Contributed to naturopathic education and professional associations; authored Basic Naturopathy as a commissioned codification. Founded and led Ohio State College of Physiatric Medicine in Columbus, OH; Dean, Central States College of Physiatrics until his death. Developed Syntonics light therapy.


NZ Family Herb Doctor. James Neil, a Scottish doctor who trained in the Bennett Eclectic College in the U.S., combines indigenous Maori and European botanical medicines.  


The Eclectic Medical Gleaner. Edited by William Colby Cooper and W.E. Bloyer, later by Harvey Wickes Felter, and others. Publ., Lloyd Library. Ceased 1912. *


Thus Shalt Thou Live! Hints and Advice for the Healthy and the Sick on a Simple and Rational Mode of Life and a Natural Method of Cure. (1894) Sebastian Kneipp.*


Medical licensing statutes reintroduced in Idaho, North Carolina and Tennessee. 


U.S. Supreme Court decides Dent v. West Virginia. Landmark medical licensing case involving Frank Dent, the petitioner in the case, an Eclectic physician with a MD degree from American Medical Eclectic College of Cincinnati, Ohio. At his trial in 1883 Dent was found guilty of practicing without a medical license. Marmaduke Dent, the defendant’s cousin and attorney, appealed the decision on the grounds that the state could not interfere with a citizen’s right to practice a lawful trade.  When the West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals heard the case in 1884 and rejected M.H. Dent’s arguments, it was appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court in 1885 based on the assertion that the legislation violated Dent’s rights under the due process clause of the 14th Amendment. However, the high court unanimously upheld the West Virginia statue: “No one has a right to practice medicine without having the necessary qualifications of learning and skill, and the statute only requires that whoever assumes, by offering to the community his services as a physician, that he possesses such learning and skill shall present evidence of it by a certificate or license from ….” According to David Korostyshevsky’s review of James C. Mohr’s definitive text the licensure legislation was not a response to popular demands for regulation, but rather “a consciously engineered policy, drafted and passed through the concerted efforts of a specific subset of physicians, the elite Regulars’ of the Medical Society of West Virginia (156 of Mohr). Mohr also challenges the interpretation that medical licensing was a response to the growing complexity of scientific medicine. Because scientific medicine did not produce tangible results until the 1930s, the push for medical licensing is a consequence of economic and political factors, not strictly scientific ones. Finally, Mohr shows that the Supreme Court upheld a version of medical licensing that relied on the quality of a physician’s education as the only measure of competence…” (Korostyshevsky, David. (2016) “James C. Mohr. Licensed to Practice: The Supreme Court Defines the American Medical Profession. Reviewed by David Korostyshevsky.” J Hist Med Allied Sci. Jul; 71(3): 367-369; Mohr, James C. (2013) Licensed to Practice: The Supreme Court Defines the American Medical Profession.)

1890-1899

1890



Die Grundlehren der Naturheilkunde (The Basic Teachings of Naturheilkunde). Arnold Rikli.


Emil von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato publish their discovery that graduated doses of sterilized broth cultures of diphtheria or of tetanus bacilli caused test animals to produce, in their blood, substances which could neutralize the toxins produced by such bacilli; these findings applied to develop tetanus and diphtheria vaccines. In 1901 Von Behring received the first Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for this work on Serum Therapy.


Koch’s Postulates published in final, refined version. Initially formulated by Robert Koch and Friedrich Loeffler in1884, based on preceding concepts articulated by Jakob Henle. Mechanism of infectious disease postulated as primarily due to a “pathogenic” microbe.


Medical licensing law enacted in Washington with irregular practitioners on board of examiners; includes “drugless practice;” in petition to governor Washington Medical Society acknowledged that one-eighth of practitioners in state were irregulars.


Medical licensing statutes reintroduced in Florida and Washington.


Eclectic College of Physicians and Surgeons founded in Indianapolis, IN; closure, 1894.


Lincoln Medical College founded in Lincoln, NE; becomes Medical Department of Cotner University, 1911; renamed Lincoln Medical College, Eclectic, 1915; closure date unknown.


Southern Homeopathic Medical College founded in Baltimore, MD; renamed Atlantic Medical College, 1907; closed, 1910.

1891

August Reinhold opens clinic in New York City, NY, practicing Kneipp treatment, Bilz’s methods, and other therapeutic modalities.


Handbuch der Naturheilkunde auf wissenschaftlicher Grundlage: sowie nach eigenen langjahrigen Erfahrungen. August Kühner.


The Principles of Medicine as Applied to Dynamical Therapeutics: Designed as an Introduction to the Study of Eclectic Medicine. Herbert T. Webster, MD. *


National Homeopathic Medical College founded in Chicago, IL; first graduates, 1892; becomes National Medical University, 1900; declared not in good standing by Illinois State Board of Health, 1909.

1892


Louis Kuhne authors Die neue Heilwissenschaft: oder die Lehre von der Einheit der Krankheiten und deren darauf begründete einheitliche, arzneilose und operationslose Heilung: ein Lehrbuch und Ratgeber für Gesunde und Kranke. (Science of Healing without Medicine and without Operations.) Originally published in Leipzig, Germany; later translated and published in the United States as The New Science of Healing (1899) and later (1917) by Benedict Lust as Neo-Naturopathy: The New Science of Healing or The Doctrine of Unity of Diseases.


Die Naturheilmethode: Geschichte, Bedeutung, Technik, Anwendung, Heilwirkung, etc. Carl Reiss, MD. [German] *


Ruth B. Drown, DC (d. 1965). Controversial proponent of radionics, practiced in Los Angeles, CA; invented the Drown Radio-Vision Instrument in 1935, Drown extended Albert Abrams research in applying electronic therapies (“radionics”) to subtle body phenomena underlying physical pathology using her instruments. Her esoteric teachings, experimental methods, and legendary devices were widely used by exploratory clinicians starting in the1930s but dramatically suppressed by authorities. Wrote The Science and Philosophy of the Drown Radio Therapy (1938) and The Theory and Technique of the Drown Radio Therapy and Radio Vision Instruments (1939). In 1963 she was arrested by the California State Bureau of Food and Drug Inspection and died awaiting trial for her medical practices; nevertheless, her work influenced later development of electronic analysis and therapeutic technologies.


Medicinal Plants: An Illustrated and Descriptive Guide to Plants Indigenous to and Naturalized in the United States Which are Used in Medicine, Their Description, Origin, History, Preparation, Chemistry and Physiological Effects Fully Described …  (2 volumes). Charles F. Millspaugh.* 


Stanley Lief, ND, DO, DC (d. 1963). England’s foremost naturopath and founder of British Naturopathic Association (BNA) and British College of Naturopathy and Osteopathy (BCNO); founded Champneys, a world famous natural health retreat; introduced Neuromuscular Technique, further developed with Boris Chaitow, DC, DO, ND (1907-1995), based on a traditional Asian technique, taught by Dr. Dewanchand Varma (ca. 1861-1950), an Ayurvedic physician working in Paris.


The Uses of Water in Modern Medicine, Simon Baruch, MD. *

Sophie Scheel, a homeopath and faculty member at a homeopathic college, studied homeopathy with Benedict Lust, often credited with originating the term “naturopathy” based on combining “nature cure” and “homeopathy.” Her husband, John Scheel, MD, a water curist and homeopath, secured commercial rights to the term. Some sources date as 1895 or 1896, while other uses of the term or similar terms date as early as the 1850s. 


American School of Osteopathy founded in Kirksville, MO, by Andrew Taylor Still; later renamed A.T. Still School of Osteopathy and Surgery.


Hering Medical College founded in Chicago, IL; first graduates, 1893; absorbed Dunham Medical College, 1902; closure, 1913.


Southwestern Homeopathic Medical College and Hospital founded in Louisville, KY; first graduates, 1894; closure, 1910.

1893

While a member of a church choir, Benedict Lust visits Butler, New Jersey, where he meets Rev. Albert Stroebele.  


Arkansas Eclectic Medical Journal. Publ., W.L. Leister.


The Nature Cure by Physical and Mental Methods: A bridge from the old to the new, the dawn of a new day in medical practice, a clear, short-cut treatise on the cause and cure of disease, the light turned on. M.E. Conger. *


Medical licensing statutes reintroduced in Connecticut, Kentucky, New York, Pennsylvania and South Dakota. 


Hygeia Medical College founded in Cincinnati, OH; first graduates, 1895; closure, 1899.

1894

Benedict Lust travels to Germany for eight months with Kneipp and then returned to New York, before returning to Germany in 1895. “In August, 1894 I resigned my position at the Savoy and boarded the good ship Trave for Germany for my first meeting with Father Sebastian Kneipp who was to influence my life and give birth to an integrated Nature Cure movement in America.” (Benedict Lust’s memoir, p. 28)


Benedict Lust meets Louise Stroebele, sister of Rev. Albert Stroebele, while she was expanding her Bellevue Sanitarium.


Leo Verbon, ND (d. 1950±). Influential in Oregon, regional and national profession, ally of Robert V. Carroll, Sr., in the American Naturopathic Association, Inc. (“West”). After becoming a student of prominent Rosicrucian R. Swinburne Clymer (who taught Thomsonian and Physiomedicalist traditions), Verbon moved to Washington state. However, in the late 1920s the Washington Supreme Court ruled that his Church of Illumination did not protect him from prosecution for practicing medicine without a license. In 1930 he relocated the Church of Illumination to Portland, OR, where in 1936 he became director of Spaulding General Hospital with a focus on nutrition and cancer research. In 1939, the hospital became “Dr. Verbon’s Naturopathic Hospital”. He lectured often on the nutritional system of Victor Rocine and was an associate of Harry Hoxsey.


Art and Science of Nature’s Healing. George Kolb.


Nature Cure introduced to India with the translation and popularization of Louis Kuhne’s works into Telugu by Shri D. Venkatachalpaty Sharma; later promoted by M. K. Gandhi.


Physical and Natural Therapeutics: The Remedial Uses of Atmospheric Pressure, Climate, Heat and Cold, Hydrotherapeutic Measures, Mineral Waters, and Electricity. Georges Hayem, MD; Hobart Amory Hare, (Ed.) *


The Occult Family Physician and Botanic Guide to Health: Comprising a description of many American and foreign plants, and their medical virtues, with the cause, cure, and prevention of disease : to which is added, an explanation of the hidden forces in nature, with a large number of valuable receipts, the experience of twenty years’ practice. Antonette Matteson. *


Medical licensing statutes reintroduced in Georgia, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maryland (amended), New Jersey, South Carolina, Utah and Virginia.


Denver Homeopathic College founded in Denver, CO; closure, 1907.


Illinois Medical College founded in Chicago, IL; first graduates, 1895; absorbed by Bennett Medical College, 1910.

1895


Benedict Lust took a position for one season at a Sanitarium in Saratoga Springs, NY.  While conditions at the facility were “horrible” it was there that he discovered the work of Louis Kuhne and Arnold Rikli and experienced his first successful use of Kneipp’s hydrotherapy on his own brother, Louis.


John Harvey Kellogg, MD, files for a patent for “Flaked Cereals and Process of Preparing Same” on May 31, 1895, and on April 14, 1896, Patent No. 558,393 is issued. 


Louisa Stroebele purchases about 60 acres in Butler, New Jersey from St. Anthony Roman Catholic Church with the help of her brother who lived and served at St. Anthony’s. Rev. Albert Stroebele was instrumental in the selection of the site for Louisa’s retreat center which was initially called Bellevue Kneipp Resort. She had the financial independence that allowed her to buy the property and construct many buildings before she and Benedict were married. Albert Stroebele would also assist significantly in the translation of Adolf Just’s book, A Return to Nature.


Ruth (Hanna) Barnett, DC, ND (d. 1969). A widely-known and controversial physician who was a main regional abortion provider operating in Portland, Oregon, from 1918 to 1968. She performed an estimated 40,000 abortions, despite the illegality, serving women of all economic backgrounds, without any abortion-related deaths. She was first arrested in 1951, was incarcerated many times until, in 1967, an Oregon City jury found her guilty of abortion and she went to prison in February 1968.


Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen pioneers use of X-rays in medical imaging.


An Eclectic Compendium of the Practice of Medicine. Lyman Watkins, MD.* 


Wallace Anderson, MD, publishes a historical review “On the Vis Medicatrix Naturae” in the Glasgow Medical Journal. *


Herbert M. Shelton, ND (d. 1985). Developer and champion of natural hygiene systems such as food combining, raw foods, vegetarianism and fasting. Social activist, pacifist and nominee of the American Vegetarian Party as its candidate for President of the United States in 1956. Authored many books, including ‘laws’ and principles of natural hygiene, notably The Hygienic System, Vol. I-IV (1934-1939) and Natural Hygiene: Man’s Pristine Way of Life (1968). Practiced primarily in San Antonio, TX.


Medical licensing statutes reintroduced in Arkansas, Delaware, Indiana, Maine, Minnesota, Montana, Oregon, Rhode Island and New York (amended).  


Dunham Medical College founded in Chicago, IL; merges with Hering Medical College, 1902.

1896


Benedict Lust returns to New York City and on September 15th, opens his first business on East 59th Street.


Louisa Stroebele employed Benedict Lust as Hydropathic Physician at the Bellevue health retreat center. Lust would live in NYC while operating his publishing and health businesses there during the week and would go to Bellevue on weekends to be the medical director. Modeled after Adolf Just’s renowned Jungborn Sanitarium (Eckert Germany, 1895). “Shortly after they met, Louisa and Benedict, with the help of her brother, Father Albert, established the Butler Yungborn… Louisa was the leading financial partner in this enterprise. Benedict once said she owned the health resort at Butler long before we were married.” (Collins, 1924, 659; in Nature Doctors, Kirchfeld and Boyle, 221).


D.D. Palmer “discovers” chiropractic with application of first adjustment and devises the term “chiropractic” after Reverend Samuel Weed suggests the Greek words meaning “done by hand.” 


Max Warmbrand, ND, DO (d. 1976). Influential practitioner and popular writer with emphasis on nutritional therapies.


Adolf Just publishes Kehrt zur Natur; translated and published by Benedict Lust as Return to Nature in 1901 with significant participation by Rev. Albert Stroebele. 


Benedict Lust starts publishing Amerikanischen Kneipp Blätter, through 1899, to promote Kneipp’s water cure; this German-language publication contains only a few articles in English; he later publishes The Kneipp Water Cure Monthly (1900-1901) in English.


Inaugural Kneipp Society meeting in Jersey City, NJ. The New York City chapter formed later this year with Benedict Lust as Chairman.


Medical licensing statutes reintroduced in District of Columbia and Ohio. 


Benedict Lust founds New York School of Massage in New York City, NY, within same facility as Lust’s Kneipp Institute.


College of Homeopathic Medicine and Surgery of the Kansas City University founded in Kansas City, MO; renamed Hahnemann Medical College of the Kansas City University, 1900; merged with Kansas City Homeopathic Medical College to form Kansas City Hahnemann Medical College, 1902.


D.D. Palmer (d. 1913) incorporates Palmer’s School of Magnetic Cure into his magnetic healing infirmary in Davenport, IA; would become Palmer School (later College) of Chiropractic in 1887. Also publishes The Magnetic Cure.


Medical Essays, 1842-1882. Oliver Wendell Holmes, MD. Contemporary writings including “Homeopathy and its kindred delusions” and “Currents and counter-currents in medical science”. *

1897


First edition of Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia of the United States (HPUS) issued by the Committee on Pharmacy of the American Institute of Homeopathy (Otis Clapp, Boston). Earlier pharmacopeias published by Boericke and Tafel (1882) and Jahr (1841) include the Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia Convention of the United States (HPCUS) incorporated, 1980. The subsequent seven editions of the HPUS were published in 1897, 1901, 1914, 1936, 1938, 1941, 1964 and 1978. (The Role of the Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia Convention of the United States in the Regulation of Homeopathic Drug Products. J.P. Borneman, PhD, Gary L. Yingling, Esq., Todd A. Hoover, MD, DHt. Publ., HCPUS.)


Journal of Homeopathics, seven volumes, edited by James Tyler Kent, MD; final issue, 1903.


Kneipp-Bund founded with Kneipp’s five columns in codified form, including nutrition, herbal medicine, hydrotherapy, exercise and mental health. 
[Kneipp Bund e.V. https://www.kneippbund.de/wer-wir-sind/ ]


Physio-medical Therapeutics, Materia Medica and Pharmacy. Thomas J. Lyle, MD. *


Repertory of the Homeopathic Materia Medica. Fundamental and enduring clinical reference work in homeopathy. Publ., James T. Kent, MD. *


The German Nature-cure, and How to Practice It. I. Aidall.


Wilhelm Reich, MD, Dobzau, Austria-Hungary (now Ukraine) (d. 1957). Innovative researcher and published on the effects of personal trauma and political oppression causing dysfunction and disease through patterns of tissue rigidity and armoring; introduced concept of orgone; arrested and died in United States Penitentiary, Lewisburg, PA. Major influence on psychotherapy, bodywork traditions and popular self-actualization therapies through books and students, including the “sexual revolution” of the 1960s.


Medical licensing statutes reintroduced in New Hampshire and Wisconsin.


Palmer School of Chiropractic opens in Davenport, IA, under leadership of D.D. Palmer. Vitalist tradition emphasizing osseous manipulative techniques applied to the spinous process and transverse processes as mechanical levers to evoke a response through the nervous system with intent of relieving “friction.”

1898


A Systematic Treatise on Materia Medica and Therapeutics: With Reference to the Most Direct Action of Drugs; with a Condensed Consideration of Pharmacy and Pharmacognosy. Finley Ellingwood, MD, with John Uri Lloyd.* 


Arno R. Koegler, ND (d. 1991). Influential Canadian ND, homeopath within Canadian naturopathy; involved in securing Ontario Drugless Therapist regulation, active in ISNP, cofounder of NANP, first President and President Emeritus of Ontario College of NM (Kitchener location had previous directors), promoted use of homeopathy and iridology.


Benedict Lust changes the name of his “Kneipp Store” to the “Health Food Store,” one of the first in the U.S.


“B. Lust’s Kneipp Cure Institute” opens; first ad appears in April; located at 111 E. 59th St, New York City.


Edward Halsey founds the Sanitarium Company and opens Australia’s first health food store in Melbourne, Victoria.


Das Neue Naturheilverfahren (The Natural Method of Healing: A New and Complete Guide to Health). F.E. (Friedrich Eduard) Bilz.*


King’s American Dispensatory. Considered the culmination of John Uri Lloyd’s work. Harvey Wickes Felter, MD, John Uri Lloyd, PharM, PhD. 1905 edition will be considered the pinnacle of Eclectic botanical science,  pharmacology and pharmacy.


Natural Hygiene or Healthy Blood: The Essential Condition of Good Health and How to Attain It: A Treatise for Physicians and Their Patients on the Predisposition to and Prevention of Disease. Johann Heinrich Lahmann, MD. Original German edition Diätetische Blutentmischung als Grundursache der Krankheiten published 1891. Considered the first scientific treatise on nature cure.


Nature vs. Drugs: A Challenge to the Drugging Fraternity. A.F. Reinhold, PhD, MD. *


Cleveland Homeopathic Medical College created by merger of Cleveland University of Medicine and Surgery and Cleveland Medical College in Cleveland, OH; merges with Pulte Medical College to become Cleveland-Pulte Medical College, 1910; transferred to Ohio State University to become the Ohio State University College of Homeopathic Medicine, 1914.


Eclectic Medical University founded in Kansas City, MO; first graduates, 1900; moves to Kansas City, KS, 1907; becomes Western Eclectic College of Medicine and Surgery, 1908; returned to Kansas City, MO, as Eclectic Medical University, 1909; not recognized by Missouri State Board of Health, 1918.


Benedict Lust receives DO degree from Universal Osteopathic College of New York, according to Kirchfeld and Boyd; however, Lust’s memoir states that it was in 1902.


Alfred Brauchle (d. 1964) Establishes cooperation between natural and allopathic medicine; conducts the “great nature cure experiment” in Dresden, Germany hospital.

1899

Louise Stroebele authors a full page article in English entitled “Mountain Air Resort Bellevue, Butler, N. J.” in the June issue of Amerikanischen Kneipp Blätter. (Louise Stroebele, 1899, p. 141).   


Major Bertrand DeJarnette, DO, DC (d. 1992). Omaha, Nebraska. Widely respected teacher of bloodless surgery, practitioner of chromotherapy and developer of sacro-occipital technique (SOT). Studied with osteopath William Sutherland, claimed to have originated the term “craniopathy.” DeJarnette published the authoritative Technic and Practice of Bloodless Surgery in 1939. He continued to develop reflex applications, use referred pain indicators as a method of effecting symptomatology of organs and related vertebrae, and directly manipulated organs. He later changed the name of his method to chiropractic manipulative reflex technique (CMRT).


New Eclectic Medical Practice, Designed for Students and Practitioners. Herbert T. Webster, MD.*


Osteopathy illustrated: A Drugless System of Healing. Andrew P. Davis, MD, ND, OphD. *


Physical Culture magazine debuts; will become widely read (100,000+ readers) and influential through the first half of 20th century in the U.S. and broadly. Retitled (or subtitled) Beauty and Health from 1941 to 1943 when Macfadden sold and regained rights but ceased publication after Macfadden’s death in 1955. (Publ., Bernarr Macfadden).


The Blood and Its Third Anatomical Element. Antoine Béchamp, MD, PhD. First published in France, later translated into English in 1912. Scientific presentation on the microzyma, proposed sub-microscopic organisms present in pathological processes.


The Principles and Practices of Hydrotherapy: A Guide to the Application of Water in Disease for Students and Practitioners of Medicine. Simon Baruch, MD.* 


Wilford Henry Pyott, DC, ND (d. 1957). 1918 to 1929 practiced as chiropractor in Salt Lake City, Utah; after 1931 also practiced as naturopath, specializing in bloodless abdominal surgery; in 1943 established Pyott Sanatorium (a.k.a. American Naturopathic Hospital); President of Utah Association of Naturopathic Physicians (ANA); Secretary of American Institute of Manipulative Surgery; founder, Council on Bloodless Surgery of ANA; editor of Journal of the American Naturopathic Association; director of National Naturopathic Association.


Medical licensing statutes reintroduced in Illinois and Michigan.


Detroit Homeopathic College founded in Detroit, MI; closure, 1912.


National College of Neuropathy and Psycho-Magnetic Healing established in Minneapolis, MN.


National Confederation of Eclectic Medical Colleges. Members, Officers, Preamble.*
The Eclectic Medical Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio; The Bennett College of Eclectic Medicine and Surgery, Chicago, Illinois; The Eclectic Medical College of the City of New York, New York, N.Y.; The American Medical College, St. Louis, Missouri; The California Medical College, San Francisco, California; The Lincoln Medical College, Lincoln, Nebraska. 


Palmer School of Chiropractic places an advertisement in the December issue of Amerikanischen Kneipp Blätter (published in German) and Kneipp Water Cure Monthly (in English) with Ludwig Staden as Associate Editor and Benedict Lust as Editor.


Bayer AG markets its brand of acetylsalicylic acid trademarked as Aspirin. The initial letter ‘A’ stands for acetyl and “spir” is derived from the plant known as meadowsweet (Spiraea ulmaria), a source of salicin. In 1853 French chemist Charles Frédéric Gerhardt had determined the chemical structure of salicylic acid and chemically synthesized acetylsalicylic acid. The widespread distribution of this pioneering synthetic pharmaceutical agent initiates demonstrates a profound shift from principles of allopathic/Regular/Rational vs. vitalist/Reform/Empirical prescribing principles to contrasting origins of drugs/synthetic pharmaceuticals vs. Drugless/natural therapeutics.

 

 

©1992-2025 Mitchell Bebel Stargrove
This is an open access publication distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions of Use and Privacy Policy.