1970-1997

From Naturopathy to Naturopathic Medicine:
Re-emerging Profession in an Evolving Cultural Context

1970-1979

1970

Living the Good Life: How to Live Sanely and Simply in a Troubled World. Helen Nearing and Scott Nearing. Advocated rural life based on self-reliance, good health, and a minimal engagement in cash economy; major influence in post-WW2 back-to-the-land movement.

Paulien Hogeweg and Ben Hesper introduce the term “bioinformatics” to refer to the study of information processes in biotic systems.

Creation of Association of Natural Health Practitioners (Australia).

First joint Canadian Naturopathic Association and Northwest Naturopathic Physicians Convention.

Earth Day first celebrated April 22; pivotal in the emergence of popular awareness of ecology and connection between human health, local environment and planetary health. Ecology and social justice emerge as part of broader cultural shifts that inspired and motivated the natural health, women’s freedom and human potential movements, invigorated attention to food, organic agriculture, housing, fitness, sexual and reproductive health, herbal and somatic medicine, traditional and Asian medical systems.

Walter Adams, ND, becomes President of NCNM until 1973.

1971

Living Systems. James Grier Miller, MD, PhD, and Jesse Miller. Applies general systems theory as a unified approach to the biological, psychological, and social sciences to describe all aspects of living systems.

Growing student population in naturopathic colleges as NCNM sees increase in student admissions. Dr. John Bastyr’s observation highlights a key turning point in a dwindling profession, to becoming a reemerging profession: “What would become the NCNM Class of 1976 was convening for the first time. That we were 31 was remarkable. The sophomore class above us had about 15, the junior class numbered two, and the senior class was four members.” (Dr. John Bastyr: Philosophy and Practice, Melanie J. Grimes, 2005). During this phase, NCNM matured into the first modern four-year, residential, doctoral degree program.

1972

Autopoiesis described by Chilean biologists Humberto Maturana and Francisco Varela as the self-maintaining chemistry of biological organisms, the property of a living system (such as a bacterial cell or a multicellular organism) by which it maintains and renews itself by regulating its composition and conserving its boundaries. A pioneering school of complexity science and systems biology emphasizes perception, awareness and interactivity in self-organizing living systems. A central element within this theory is the concept of structural coupling, the relation between systems and their environments. Thus, “Autopoiesis can be defined as the ratio between the complexity of a system and the complexity of its environment.”

The Gaia Hypothesis, originally proposed by chemist James Lovelock, MD, and co-developed with microbiologist Lynn Margulis, PhD, (1938-2011), introduces to scientific community and then to popular culture concept that Earth is a biological organism, a living being, within which living organisms and their inorganic surroundings interact to form a self-regulating and self-evolving complex system in which synergistic relationships and feedback loops maintain and perpetuate the conditions for life on the planet; the geologist-physician James Hutton’s concept of a living Earth acknowledged as a forerunner to the Gaia hypothesis. Timothy “Oberon” Zell introduces a parallel nomenclature with a more literary and mythic emphasis during the same year.

Virginia discontinues naturopathic licensing.

First image in which Earth is in full view seen through mass media, December 7, 1972, as the Apollo 17 crew left Earth’s orbit for the moon. Catalyzes emergence of ecological consciousness and perception of earth as Gaia, a living organism.

1973

Autopoiesis and Cognition: the Realization of the Living. Humberto R. Maturana, PhD, and Francisco Varela, PhD. Key pioneering text in complexity science and systems biology. (2nd edition 1980).

Health and Light: The Effects of Natural and Artificial Light on Man and Other Living Things. John Ott, DSc (Hon). Also published papers in International Journal for BioSocial Research on Healing and Light Therapy.

Small Is Beautiful: A Study of Economics As If People Mattered. Schumacher, E.F. Broadly influential text on implications of ecological and scalar design in technology, community and healthy systems.

The Victorian Parliament forms Joint Select Committee on Osteopathy, Chiropractic, and Naturopathy (Australia).

Washington State Legislature passes legislation restricting scope of naturopathic doctors to dietary advice massage, even though NDs had been legally practicing broader scope for decades.

Creation of Nature Care College of Naturopathic and Traditional Medicine in New South Wales, Australia.

Robert Broadwell, DO, ND, establishes NCNM program in Kansas. Seattle campus, faculty continues NCNM didactic program.

Robert Broadwell, DO, ND, involved in pioneering research on Gelsemium, Arsenicum album and other agents as part of therapeutic lineage of homeopathic and “toxic” herb drop-dose prescribing.

Our Bodies, Ourselves. Boston Women’s Health Book Collective. Began as a 35-cent, 136-page booklet called Women and Their Bodies, published in 1970 by the New England Free Press, and written by twelve Boston feminist activists. Revised and updated eight times, with more than four million copies sold worldwide, with broad inspiration for and influence on women in natural medicine. 2011, most recent edition.

1974

Confessions of a Medical Heretic. Robert S. Mendelsohn, MD. (1979). Mendelsohn was the first pediatrician in America to advocate against routine childhood vaccines during the swine flu fiasco of 1976 in his syndicated column.

The Herb Book. John B. Lust, ND.

Founding of the Australian Council of Natural Therapeutics.

The Australian Commonwealth Parliament forms Committee of Inquiry into Chiropractic, Osteopathy, Homeopathy, and Naturopathy. Committee recommends granting statutory registration for chiropractors and osteopaths but not for homeopaths and naturopaths, 1977.

1975

Benoit Mandelbrot, PhD, introduces the term ‘fractal’ to describe observable patterns and structures, first published in translation as Fractals: Form, Chance and Dimension (1977). After studying fractals called ‘Julia sets’ that were invariant under certain transformations of the complex plane, he built upon work by Gaston Julia and Pierre Fatou, and, using a computer to plot images showing the topology of the Julia sets, he introduced the Mandelbrot set in 1979.

Divided Legacy: Volumes I(-IV): A History of the Schism in Medical Thought. Harris Coulter, PhD. Monumental text reviewing the history of the principles and practices medicine in “the West,” highlighting the Empiricist, Vitalist and homeopathic perspectives.

Three Generations of Healing Secrets. Ralph M. Failor, DC, ND, a key figure at Western States College.

Founding of Australian Naturopathic Practitioners Association; with membership is naturopaths only. ANPA’s focus is on profession’s governance, advancing naturopathic regulatory environment, continuing education, and standards for naturopathy as a distinct profession. Founding of South Pacific Council for Natural Therapies.

Victorian Joint Select Committee on Osteopathy, Chiropractic, and Naturopathy recommends naturopathic practitioners be regulated by the Department of Health; naturopathic training incorporated into the university sector. These initiatives are put on hold as Commonwealth government announces review into “natural therapies” professions.

NCNM clinic established for Kansas students at the Postal Building in Portland, OR. Sole remaining naturopathic college clinic operating in North America.

1976

School of Natural Healing. John R. Christopher, ND. One of the most influential herbalists of the 20th century, directly as well as through students and formulations.

Way of Herbs. Michael Tierra, OMD. Influential text weaving eastern, European, and Native American traditions.

John Bastyr, DC, ND, SP, becomes president of NCNM until 1979, serves college during the initial phase of ND professional renaissance in the US, as a new generation of young students is drawn to naturopathic medicine. NCNM class of 1976, entered as 31 in 1972, is a significant indicator of the turning point. This gives hope to the small, dedicated team of veteran naturopaths of this era, such as Dr. Bastyr, who waited for the new generation. He and his contemporaries kept the profession’s few institutions and laws alive and carried the light of naturopathic medicine’s teachings, practices, principles and spirit forward to the next generation.

Seattle NCNM program graduates its last class.

1977

A Pattern Language: Towns, Buildings, Construction. Christopher Alexander, et al. Introduces a new language, “a pattern language derived from timeless entities called patterns.”

Committee of Inquiry into Chiropractic, Osteopathy, Homeopathy, and Naturopathy, i.e., the Webb Report, rejects regulation of naturopathy in Australia, denounces it as a “minor cult system” – rather than a health profession – and “should not be granted the imprimatur of recognition.”

Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College (CMCC) relinquishes educational charter for offering Drugless Therapy (ND and DC) in Toronto, Canada. Continues to offer Drugless Therapy courses for licensure through the 1980s. Stimulus to founding Ontario College of Naturopathic Medicine (OCNM) in 1978.

NCNM graduates first Kansas/Portland class after the Kansas campus developed to provide improved basic sciences training; important contextual implications of Basic Sciences requirements legacy in Oregon.

1978

Pacific Northwest elders become faculty, mentors and allies for incoming naturopathic students. They influence, inspire, educate, and support the new generation in rebuilding their profession. Kenneth Harmon, ND, Irving Miller, ND, Jennifer Huntoon, ND, Robert Overton, ND, Harold Dick, ND, J.R. Stober, ND, Joseph Boucher, ND, Robert Fleming, ND, Charles Black, ND, Leyardia Black, ND, Quantz Crawford, Jerry G. Martinez, ND, Gerald Farnsworth, DC, ND, Robert V. Carroll, Jr., ND, and John B. Bastyr, SP, ND.

The Science of Homeopathy. George Vithoulkas. Influential text in the resurgence of homeopathy in the US, notably among NDs.

William Morris becomes Chair of CNA (Canada) until 1980.

Federation of State Licensing Boards founded in the USA.

Province of Saskatchewan, Canada, regulates naturopathic medicine through the Naturopathy Act.

Eric R. Shrubb, DC, ND, becomes president of OCNM, until 1981. Began leading defense against the Ontario government attempt to deregulate naturopathic medicine in Ontario.

John Bastyr College of Naturopathic Medicine (JBCNM), Seattle, WA, founded by Joseph Pizzorno, ND, LM (Founding President), William A. Mitchell, ND, Les Griffith, ND, LM, and Sheila Quinn (Founding Vice-President); admits first class of 31. Mission promotes advancing “science-based natural medicine.” Founding Board includes Jeff Bland, PhD. Named in honor of Dr. John Bastyr, SP, ND, widely respected Seattle physician, midwife, teacher and mentor, known for broad scope and therapeutics, vitalistic practice, integration of science and philosophy, and care for underserved groups.

Joseph E. Pizzorno, ND. (b. 1947). Co-Founder and Founding President of John Bastyr College of Naturopathic Medicine (JBCNM), until 2001. NCNM graduate and licensed as an ND in Washington in 1975. Credited with introducing the term “science-based natural medicine”, his vision, strategic leadership, courage, integrity, brilliant intellect and astute insight play pivotal role in synthesizing the empirical tradition of naturopathy with modern scientific methodology and health promotion principles. Dr. Pizzorno significantly contributes in nearly every critical area of naturopathic medicine’s terrain, to the professional development, identity, principles, regulation, scientific advances, public perception and standards of the profession as a whole; effectively revolutionizing the profession and catapulting its public acceptance forward. First appointed to the White House Commission on Complementary and Alternative Medicine Policy by President Clinton in December 2000 he later joined the Medicare Coverage Advisory Committee during the second Bush administration in November 2002. He is founding editor-in-chief of Integrative Medicine: A Clinician’s Journal, a founding member, Treasurer and Chair of the Board of Directors of The Institute for Functional Medicine, and co-author of the Textbook of Natural Medicine and Encyclopedia of Natural Medicine, as well as several other books.

Ontario College of Naturopathic Medicine (OCNM), Toronto, Ontario, Canada, founded by Robert Farquharson, ND, G. Asa Hershoff, ND, John LaPlante, ND, Eric Shrubb, ND, Gordon Smith, ND, William Morris, ND; Arno R. Koegler, ND, President Emeritus (until 1989). Accelerated ND program for health professionals. 56 students in its first year. Eric Shrubb DC, ND, President.

Council on Naturopathic Medical Education (CNME) founded; M.W. Loftin, ND, founding Chair. Other founders include Joseph Pizzorno, ND, Jeff Bland, PhD. Joseph Pizzorno (1978-1998) is Chair when CNME is recognized by the US Department of Education.

William Keppler, PhD, appointed to Northwest Association of Schools and Colleges (NASC), eventually renamed Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities (NWCCU). Widely beloved and respected servant leader becomes pivotal influence, champion, leader in the profession’s academic, institutional, and political advancement.

Indian government dissolves Central Council for Research in Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy (AYUSH); replaces it with four independent research councils, one each for Ayurveda and Siddha, Unani, Homoeopathy and Yoga, and Naturopathy.

1979

A Philosophy of Healing. Judy Jacka, ND. Melbourne, Australia. Dr. Jacka is a respected elder, leader in Australian naturopathy; veteran of Australian naturopathy’s emergence, with lifelong interest in science, natural therapies and research on subtle energies. “In writing and living I am eclectic…I select information and experience from a number of sources and blend them together. This is how I practice as a natural therapist and teacher. Of particular concern is an aim to bridge science and natural therapies. Included here is the need to validate wherever possible subtle forms of healing.” (Jacka, Judy 1938-.” Contemporary Authors.” (Retrieved November 19, 2018 from Encyclopedia.com

Gaia: A New Look at Life on Earth. James Lovelock, CH, CBE, FRS. Revolutionary reconceptualization of the planet Earth as an organism, with profound implications for understanding living biological systems as self-organizing and therefore self-healing.

Journal of the John Bastyr College of Naturopathic Medicine is launched. First peer-reviewed scientific journal for modern naturopathic medicine. Joseph Pizzorno, ND, Editor.

Naturopathic College of New Zealand established by Melva Martin in New Plymouth.

NCNM closes Kansas campus to become based wholly in Portland, OR. Students express concern about and desire to be closer to their naturopathic elder mentors for all four years of training. NCNM establishes the first modern ND academic residency program. Inaugural residents are Catherine Downey, ND, John Dye, ND, Michael Ancharski, ND, and Stephen Ducat, ND.

Pacific College of Naturopathic Medicine accepts first class. Upon closing in 1982, NCNM and JBCNM interview, transfer, and admit PCNM students.

1980-1989

1980

“The Philosophical and Historical Roots of Holistic Approaches to Health. Summary and Review of Harris Coulter’s Divided Legacy.” Dana Ullman. Holistic Health Review. Insightful review and well-presented explication of Harris Coulter’s magnum opus history of Wetsern medicine highlighting the contrasting worldviews and clinical approaches rooted in the Empiricist School (of Kos) and the Rationalist School (of Knidus). *

Psyche and Substance: Essays on Homeopathy in the Light of Jungian Psychology. Edward Whitmont, MD.

Rick Kirschner, 4th year NCNM student, and Rick Brinkman, ND, recent NCNM graduate, launch a twenty-six year partnership that would train hundreds of NDs in the resurgent profession, in workshops entitled “The Magical Nature of Communication.” They conducted internet, newspaper, radio and television media trainings at AANP conferences and at mind-body workshops in naturopathic schools; among first in modern profession to emphasize, rebuild, expand, and work directly with the mental and emotional aspects of health and well-being with modalities in addition to homeopathy. In 1980 four JBCNM students (including Judyth Reichenberg, ND) work with president Dr. Pizzorno to establish an in-depth module in naturopathic counseling and health psychology, expanding JBCNM curriculum from one counseling course to six; sets the stage for emphasis at Bastyr University, remaining today. In this era, hundreds of such stories of students and new graduates doing lasting work, rebuilding the schools and profession.

Joseph Boucher becomes Chair of CNA until 1985.

Ralph Weiss, ND, and Don Walker, DC, ND, develop Oregon formulary.

American College of Naturopathic Medicine opens in Salem, OR; closes in 1985. Curtis Jasper, ND, Founding President.

Australian Centre for Complementary Medicine College of Natural and Traditional Medicine established.

JBCNM opens teaching clinic, Seattle, WA.

1981

Tissue Cleansing Through Bowel Management. Bernard Jensen, ND, DC.

Nevada state licensure, Assembly Bill 444.

Oregon ND licensure statute (ORS 685) requires action by the Oregon Legislature due to broad sunset laws. Don Walker, ND, DC, brings NCNM military veterans to Salem State House for meeting with legislators. Four US Army veterans (NDs and ND students) meet, share military service with fellow legislator veterans. Legislators share their backgrounds in return, opens communication as naturopathic doctors and students attest to curriculum quality, practice validity, ability of NDs to serve Oregon health care needs. Impressed by these responsible, credible, sincere veterans, and solid testimony, sunset vote is taken off agenda, sunset averted. Exemplifies impact of courageous action by individuals; many similar stories supporting profession’s modern re-emergence. Don Walker, ND, DC, James Massey, ND, Rick Marinelli, ND, James Sensenig, ND, and Joel Wallach, ND.

First class of 32 graduates from OCNM, Toronto, Canada.

Jan Harris, PhD, becomes president of NCNM until 1983. First woman president of a naturopathic college, leader in advancing rigorous basic sciences training in modern naturopathic medicine.

John Bastyr becomes President Emeritus of NCNM. NCNM purchases its first campus on SE Market Street, Portland, OR.

OCNM purchases and moves to 43 Benton Street in Kitchener, Ontario, former art gallery and Pentecostal tabernacle.

Rockefeller Medicine Men: Medicine and Capitalism in America. E. Richard Brown.

1982

Dreambody: The Body’s Role in Revealing the Self. Arnold Mindell, PhD. First publication on theory and practice of Process-Oriented Psychology.

Herbal Medication: A Clinical and Dispensary Handbook. A. W. Priest and L.R. Priest. Influential English text in the Physiomedicalist tradition.

Standards for Out-of-Hospital Births by Naturopathic Physicians in Oregon. Jared Zeff, ND. Adopted by OANP, later adopted as ACNO Standards. (American College of Naturopathic Obstetricians).

The Fractal Geometry of Nature. Benoit Mandelbrot, PhD.

American Naturopathic Medical Association (ANMA) organized at a meeting in Las Vegas, NV; subsequently incorporated in Portland, OR.

Homeopathic Academy of Naturopathic Physicians (HANP) founded, Portland, OR; Durr Elmore, ND (President), Paul Herscu, ND (Vice President).

Australian Traditional Medicine Association established.

Independent law for “Schools of the Healing Arts” sunsets in Oregon. NCNM’s authority to bestow degrees in jeopardy.

JBCNM graduates its first class of 35.

Robert Farquharson becomes president of OCNM in Ontario, Canada until 1983.

NASC (now NWCCU) conducts regional accreditation site visit at JBCNM. William Keppler, PhD, participates in site visit, supports JBCNM right to accreditation.

HANP begins publishing Transactions journal. Paul Herscu, ND, first editor; later evolves into Simillimum.

1983

Applications of Botanical Remedies in Naturopathic Medicine. William A. Mitchell, ND, co-founder of JBCNM.

Naturheilbewegung, Reformbewegung, Alternativbewegung (Nature Cure Movement, Reform Movement, Alternative Movement). Karl E. Rothschuh.

The Townsend Letter – The Examiner of Alternative Medicine founded by Jonathan Collin, MD, and establishes itself as an authoritative and exploratory publication with wide-ranging content and respected contributors. Became an online-only publication in 2023.[PA]Professional Associations [HK]

The Canadian Naturopathic Association Newsletter begins publication by CNA, until 1995.

Oregon Board of Naturopathic Examiners develops formulary of allowable prescription medicines. OANP defends prescription rights against opposition in state legislature.

Washington State ND license and scope of practice transitions to add-on specialty training model (vs. within ND license) for naturopathic midwifery.

INER elects BOD of OCNM.

John LaPlante donated a substantial gift (CDN$250,000) to the first OCNM endowment fund.

JBCNM establishes ND-LM midwifery certificate training program, led by Farra Swan, ND, Tim Birdsall, ND, Molly Linton, ND, Morgan Martin, ND.

OCNM launches a four-year, full-time program . Leases former Kitchener – Waterloo Art Gallery, a building in Kitchener on the birth site of Sir William Lyon MacKenzie King.

Satya Ambrose, LAc, [ND], and Eric Stephens, LAc, [DAOM], co-found the highly regarded Oregon College of Oriental Medicine (OCOM), initially sharing facilities with NCNM.

JBCNM receives candidacy status from regional accreditation agency, Northwest Association of Schools and Colleges (NASC), now Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities (NWCCU). First naturopathic medicine college accepted as candidate of federally recognized accrediting agency.

NCNM receives candidacy status from Oregon Higher Educational Coordinating Committee.

Institute of Naturopathic Education and Research (INER) established in Toronto, ON. John LaPlante, ND, is founding Chair.

Research Council for Complementary Medicine is formed in the United Kingdom to develop and extend the research base for natural medicine.

1984

Biophilia. E. O. Wilson, PhD. Important publication provides a theoretical foundation for the model of self-organizing and self-healing biological systems, specifically influences of natural environments. Wilson expertly describes how “the human affinity for other living thing” is likely an evolutionary adaptation, given our physiological response to the natural world and the length of time our prehistoric ancestors were embedded in natural environments; allowed the field to develop using direct academic language for a concept that is so simple it was never explicitly discussed before Wilson.

“The Alchemy in Homeopathy.” Whitall N. Perry. Studies in Comparative Religion, 16(1 & 2, Winter-Spring). [http://www.studiesincomparativereligion.com/uploads/ArticlePDFs/394.pdf]

“View through a window may help recovery from surgery.” Science. R.S. Ulrich. The “grandfather” study for demonstrating that natural environments can have potentially beneficial health impacts. Retrospective chart review of n=46 post-cholecystectomy patients recovering from open gallbladder surgery. Variable was view out of the hospital recovery ward window, 50% had a view of landscape while other group had a view of brick wall. Significantly better recovery times, less post-operative pain medications, and better subjective mood for those with a natural view. Foundational study for how natural vs. constructed environments influence health (i.e., the other “environmental medicine,” unrelated to toxicology). (Science. Apr 27;224(4647):420-421.)

Naturopathic Medicine: Treat The Whole Person. Roger Newman Turner, ND, DO, BAc. Landmark advance in naturopathic theory; integration of theory and science. Toxemia, adaptation, holism, self-organizing and self-healing biological systems, terrain and soil concepts, others advanced. Revised, 1990; 2000.

National Association of Naturopathic Physicians (NANP), oldest existing naturopathic professional organization in the U.S., files for bankruptcy.

Several colleges split from Australian Natural Therapists Association to form Australian Traditional Medicine Society, due to objections on implementation of minimum standards of health and medical sciences for naturopathic courses. Intensifies fragmentation, division within naturopathic profession in Australia. Incorporated in 2001; multi-disciplinary association member categories include massage therapy, homoeopathy, naturopathic nutrition, naturopathy, Chinese traditional medicine, and Western herbal medicine.

Bernard Sadowski, PhD, becomes president of NCNM until 1985.

JBCNM establishes BS and MS programs in nutrition as the first non-ND degrees within the institution. Changes name to Bastyr College (BC). OCNM moves from Kitchener, Ontario, to a new location at 1263 Bay Street in Toronto.

1985

“On a Mechanism of Cardiac Electrical Stability. The Fractal Hypothesis.” And later “Fractals in Physiology and Medicine.” (1987). Pioneering work on fractals and nonlinear dynamics in human physiology published by Ary Goldberger, MD, and colleagues; emerging interface of biomedicine and complexity science with emphasis on cardiac physiology and heart rate variability, influential in later developments.

Textbook of Natural Medicine. Eds., Joseph Pizzorno, ND, and Michael Murray, ND. Considered the first “science-based” naturopathic textbook in North America since Spitler’s Basic Naturopathy (last edition 1956). Becomes best selling professional natural medicine textbook through Elsevier. (5th Ed., 2019).

“Therapeutic Effects of Drug-Nutrient Interactions in the Elderly.” Daphne Roe, PhD. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. Pioneering research into drug-induced nutrient depletions.

“Lifeforce – A Synergetic Model of Health Care.” Bruce Milliman, ND. Emphasizes the ‘animating life force’ in challenging Hering’s ‘Laws,’ as not precisely ‘laws’ though significant phenomena; proposes these phenomena be referred to as Hering’s ‘Rules.’

American Association of Naturopathic Physicians (AANP) formally incorporated, December 30; formation led by James Sensenig, ND, founding President; Cathy Rogers, ND, first Speaker of the House of Delegates (HOD) and founding Vice President; William Tribe, founding Executive Director, in volunteer capacity; Founding Board: James Sensenig, Irvin Miller, ND, Michael Cronin, ND, Ed Hofmann-Smith, ND, PhD, Allen Gamble, ND, Cordell Logan, ND, PhD, Joseph Pizzorno, ND, Cathy Rogers, ND, Jared Zeff, ND, Enrico Liva, RPh, ND, Steven Dubey, ND, Molly Fleming, ND, and B. Steuber, ND.

Roger McHan becomes Chair of CNA until 1987.

Change to Oregon naturopathic regulations creates specialty certification in obstetrics. NCNM transitions its obstetrics program to a specialty training.

Northern Territory becomes first (and, to date, only) Australian jurisdiction to regulate naturopaths; Allied Health and Professional Practitioners Act, overturned by Commonwealth legislation in 1992 – the Mutual Recognition Act.

Establishment of the ACT (Australian Capital Territory) College of Natural Therapies.

1986

AMR’TA (Alchemical Medicine Research and Teaching Association), non-profit educational and publishing foundation incorporated by Paul Bergner, Carlo Calabrese, ND, Lori Stargrove, [ND candidate], and Mitchell Bebel Stargrove [ND candidate]. Publishes electronic reference work IBIS: Interactive BodyMind Information System, 1992.

David Kent Warkentin releases MacRepertory, pioneering computerized homeopathic repertory; followed by ReferenceWorks software, a digitized homeopathic reference library. Applications for clinical homeopathy such as MacRepertory, Radar and Synergy will be at the forefront of innovation in making the record of 200 years of homeopathic literature digitally accessible and integrating computers into the clinical practice of natural medicine.

“Drugless Healing in the 1920s: The Therapeutic Cult of Sanipractic.” James C. Whorton. Pharmacy in History. Pioneering study of natural medicine in Cascadia (Pacific Northwest, US). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41110183]

AANP HOD (Cathy Rogers, ND, Speaker of the House) establishes first AANP Position Paper Select Committee on the Definition of Naturopathic Medicine, co-chaired by Pamela Snider, ND, and Jared Zeff, ND. (Committee: Kevin Wilson, ND, William Wulsin, ND, Peter Green, ND, Bruce Milliman, ND).

AANP: James Sensenig, ND, President; Cathy Rogers, ND, Speaker of the House of Delegates; William Tribe, Executive Director.[PA]Professional Associations
AANP begins process of establishing the profession’s public consensus positions; launches the first position paper process; the Select Committee on the Definition of Naturopathic Medicine.

AANP holds its first annual convention in Arizona.

American College of Naturopathic Obstetrics (ACNO) founded.

John Bender, ND, is Chair of the BDDT-N until 1992. Leads and serves for over a decade during a period of exceptional transition.

Victorian Parliament Social Development Committee Inquiry into Alternative Medicine and the Health Food Industry (the Dixon Report) acknowledges naturopathy as “the primary source of healthcare” for many people living in Victoria, Australia.

State of Alaska passes Practice Act for naturopathic medicine.

State of Hawaii undertakes sunset review of naturopathic licensing law; legislature recommends there be a national licensing examination following national standards.

Naturopathic practice deregulated in Alberta, Canada.

Washington State adopts Naturopathic Practice Act, to maintain, expand the profession’s ability to practice; manipulation removed due to DC opposition. Led by Daniel Labriola, ND, Lester Griffith, ND, LM (President, WANP), Jennifer Huntoon, ND, and Jeff Larson (lobbyist). Manipulation regained in 1987.

Horace Nealey, MPH, becomes president of NCNM, until 1989.

National Institute of Naturopathy founded in Pune, India. This historic site, original home of the Nature Cure Clinic and Sanatorium, was where Gandhi stayed for 156 days while he conducted his naturopathy experiments and organized national and international activities.

OCNM relocates again, to a former elementary school at 60 Berl Avenue, Toronto. Four acres on Mimico Creek, forested ravine.

The Canadian Academy of Homeopathy (CAH) founded in 1986 by Andre Saine, DC, ND, DHANP and others to provide professional post graduate residency training in homeopathic medicine with a classical orientation, emphasis and foundation.

Naturopathic Physicians Licensing Examination (NPLEX) Board founded by licensed jurisdictions and colleges in US and Canada; Robin Moore, ND, and Ed Hoffmann-Smith, PhD, are founders and presidents until 1990. Founding board includes Nick Buratovich, ND, Robert Nicoloff, ND, E. Gaulin-Kremer, ND, Jan Harris, ND, and Chris Kind, ND. Prior to 1986, each licensed state and province prepared its own set of board licensing examinations.

NPLEX publishes Part II: Clinical Sciences Exams.

Under the leadership of Joseph Pizzorno, ND, John Bastyr College establishes the first modern research department dedicated to naturopathic medicine and producing the first research articles published on naturopathic medicine in modern peer-reviewed journals. Don Brown, ND, appointed as first director.

1987

A to Z of Natural Therapies. Judy Jacka, ND.

HANP publication Transactions evolves into Similimum.

[HK]Knowledge Base and Heritage
Kent’s Repertorium Generale. Jost Kunzli von Fimmelsberg, MD (1915–1992), a Swiss orthodox physician and gynecologist who converted to homeopathy; his father and grandfather had been homeopathic doctors. “Kunzli’s Repertory” is influential today, is based on Kent’s Repertory, and incorporates updates from 71 other important sources. Kunzli is noted to have used red dots to indicate confirmed rubrics and remedies. In some books they are printed as black ‘points.’

The Tree of Knowledge: The Biological Roots of Human Understanding. Humberto R. Maturana, PhD, and Francisco Varela, PhD. Biological implications of autopoiesis and complexity sciences.

AANP: Alderbrook, WA, Convention theme, “What Is a Naturopathic Physician?” James Sensenig, ND, President; Cathy Rogers, ND, Speaker of the House of Delegates; Convention Chair. Carlo Calabrese, ND, selected first AANP Physician of the Year; Dr. Robert Broadwell given first AANP President’s Award. Convention launches multi-year AANP House of Delegates process; forums, presentations on Definition of Naturopathic Medicine, co-led by Jared Zeff, ND and Pamela Snider ND.

John Cosgrove becomes Chair of CNA until 1989. “…an extraordinarily productive, contributing DC/ND in the Canadian landscape.” (D. Schleich).

Wilk v. AMA, landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision, found that the AMA had engaged in unreasonable restraint of trade and conspiracy; nominally, ended AMA’s de facto attacks against chiropractic.

Nevada Naturopathic Practice Act revoked. Assembly Bill 438 renders Board of Naturopathy defunct.

Sunset review in Washington State expands scope of practice of naturopaths to include diagnostics and all natural treatments; naturopaths are then re-licensed as “Naturopathic Doctors.”

Establishment of the New South Wales School of Natural Medicine (Australia).

Bastyr College accredited by CNME. First NM College accredited by federally recognized professional program accrediting agency.

CNME recognized by the US Department of Education, William Bennett, Secretary of Education. Joseph Pizzorno, ND, Chair.

NCNM receives candidacy status for accreditation from CNME. Second naturopathic medical college recognized.

Canadian Naturopathic Educational and Research Society incorporated. More than 65 scholarships provided as well as several research grants.

“Comparative absorption of zinc picolinate, zinc citrate and zinc gluconate in humans.” Steven A. Barrie, Jonathan V. Wright, Joseph E. Pizzorno, et al. Agents Actions. One of earliest peer-reviewed ND studies published in this era.

“Effects of garlic oil on platelet aggregation, serum lipids and blood pressure in humans.” Steven A. Barrie, Jonathan V. Wright, and Joseph E. Pizzorno. Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine. One of earliest peer-reviewed ND studies published in this era.

1988

Hering’s Law: Law, Rule, or Dogma? André Saine, DC, ND, FCAH. Publ., Canadian Academy of Homeopathy. Well-referenced article challenges “Law” language as not accurate.

“Human basophil degranulation triggered by very dilute antiserum against IgE”. Davenas E, Beauvais F, Amara J, et al. Nature. Team led by Jacques Benveniste, PhD, publishes a controversial paper describing the action of very high dilutions of anti-IgE antibodies on the degranulation of human basophils. Benveniste evolves this research into ‘digital biology’ experiments.

Journal of Naturopathic Medicine. Eds., Peter D’Adamo, ND, and Martha D’Adamo. Publ., AANP. First official peer-reviewed journal of the AANP launched at Missoula, MT, AANP Convention.

Lectures in Naturopathic Hydrotherapy. Andre Saine, DC, ND, and Wade Boyle, ND.

Herb Doctors: Pioneers in Nineteenth Century American Botanical Medicine and A History of the Eclectic Medical Institute of Cincinnati. Wade Boyle, ND.

Visceral Manipulation. J.P. Barral, DO, and P. Mercier, DO.

AANP (HOD) Select Committee on Definition of Naturopathic Medicine holds a contest for best one-line definition of naturopathic medicine. Over sixty entries. Third prize: “Naturopathy is love in action,” Irv Miller, ND; Second prize: “Naturopathic physicians believe there are alternatives to giving people petroleum by-products and cutting off troublesome body parts,” Rick Kirschner, ND, and Rick Brinkman, ND. First prize, included in Definition Position Paper: “Naturopathic physicians work with nature to restore people’s health. Naturopathic medicine: working with nature to restore people’s health,” Cathy Rogers, ND.

AANP: Cathy Rogers, ND, President; Brent Mathieu, ND, Speaker of the House of Delegates. Canadian Naturopathic Educational Research Society (CNERS) established, founded by Robert and Ann Fleming.

Joseph E. Pizzorno, Jr., ND, receives AANP President’s Award in part for his central role in CNME recognition by the U.S. Department of Education. New Hampshire Naturopathic Association founded.

Washington State Department of Health distributes licenses to ND’s for the first time using “Naturopathic Physician” title, as legislative intent in response to Dan Labriola, ND’s advocacy. First regulatory designation of NDs as physicians in Washington state.

Bastyr College establishes Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine degree program. Peggy Smith, ND, founder. Also begins offering Bachelor of Science degree.

Stephen Hambly, OCNM President until 1990. Asked to leave post by OCNM BOD (1990) when a team of ND leaders (”Requisitionists”) established unequivocal evidence he had falsified his degree. Requisitionists include Pamela Snider, ND, Daria Love, ND, Marilyn May, ND, Pat Wales, ND, Don Warren, ND.

Bastyr College begins Healing AIDS Research Project, led by Leanna Standish, ND, PhD, LAc, and Jane Guiltinan, ND.

Drs. Rick Kirschner and Rick Brinkman’s audio program, Dealing With Difficult People becomes bestseller in the coaching, training industry, references the naturopathic profession, draws attention of Simon and Schuster which requests they develop a book on the topic in 1990, eventually published in 1994 by McGraw Hill. Titled Dealing With People You Can’t Stand, (in 3rd ed,) sells millions of copies, in 26 languages. Book’s introduction introduces readers to the naturopathic medicine profession and to the AANP website. Expands in multiple media.

1989

AANP House of Delegates (HOD) unanimously adopts Definition and Principles of Naturopathic Medicine Position Paper at AANP Convention, Rippling River, OR. First U.S. profession-wide consensus definition of naturopathic medicine based on philosophy, principles of practice, and primary care. CAN members input significant; CAN eventually adopts adapted definition. Led by Co-Chairs, Pamela Snider, Jared Zeff; Committee, K. Wilson, W. Wulsin, B. Milliman, P. Glidden. Reaffirmed in 2001, 2011 by AANP HOD vote.

AANP: Cathy Rogers, ND, President; Konrad Kail, ND, PA, Vice President; John Weeks, first paid Executive Director (until 1993); Brent Mathieu, ND, Speaker of the House of Delegates.

Paul Bergner authors AANP publications on cost, safety, efficacy and other topics.

Philip Kempling, ND, becomes Chair of CNA until 1991.

Commission on Naturopathic Medicine set up by the Government Commission on the Regulation of Naturopathy (GCRN) and International Federation of Practitioners of Natural Therapeutics in the UK. Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA), an oversight agency for food and drug regulations, officially classes “CAM” agents as medicines in Australia.

NPLEX is recognized by all state and provincial jurisdictions that license NDs. NPLEX recognizes degrees from OCNM as eligible.

First Indian Bachelor in Naturopathy and Yogic Sciences (BNYS) degree started by Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College in Ujjire, Karnataka.

Jim Miller, ThD, becomes president of NCNM until 1993.

Northern Territory University (now Charles Darwin University), Australia, announces naturopathic degree, program to start in 1991 first naturopathic degree in a public university. Degree is suspended indefinitely after registration of naturopaths removed in 1992.

Bastyr College is accredited by Northwest Association of Schools and Colleges (NASC), now NWCCU. First NM college to receive regional accreditation by a federally recognized regional accrediting agency. William Keppler, PhD, on-site reviewer recognizes Bastyr College’s value, advances accreditation.

Emily Kane, ND, LAc, journalist, editor, senior editor of the Journal of Naturopathic Medicine (1989-96), the scientific, peer-reviewed journal of the AANP, launches column “Ask the Naturopath” in Prevention Magazine offshoot now called Better Nutrition. Dr. Kane continues a popular column in collaboration with editor Nicole Brechka to the present. This work educating the public about naturopathic medicine spans 30 years (360 months of columns; 300,000 issues published monthly and distributed to over one million health food stores). In 2016 Dr. Kane proposed the column change its title to “Ask the Naturopathic Doctor” with Ms. Brechka’s support.

1990

Bert Hellinger develops the Family Constellations, also known as Systemic Constellations and Systemic Family Constellations, during the 1990s, combining family systems therapy, existential phenomenology, German familial war trauma experience and Zulu attitudes towards family as a therapeutic method for treating transgenerational family and collective patterns of dysfunction and disease.

Clinical Hydrotherapy. Leo M. Scott, DC, ND.

Frontiers of Natural Therapies. Judy Jacka, ND.

Jeffrey Bland, PhD, and Susan Bland found Institute for Functional Medicine (IFM). Founding board includes Joseph Pizzorno, ND, and David Jones, MD, who continue serving today. Gathering point for diverse health professionals dedicated to research-based, physiological systems-based approach to medicine. Produced Functional Medicine Matrix. Jeffrey Bland, IFM widely recognized for inspiration, contributions to naturopathic and conventional medical education.

Meditation: The Most Natural Therapy. Judy Jacka, ND.

Vaccination, Social Violence, and Criminality. Harris L. Coulter, PhD.

AANP HOD adopts Position Paper: Naturopathic Code of Ethics. [PA]

AANP: Cathy Rogers, ND, President; Konrad Kail, ND, PA, Vice President; Brent Mathieu, ND, Speaker of the House of Delegates; John Weeks, Executive Director.

GCRN (UK) publishes Report of the Commission on Naturopathic Medicine.

The History of Naturopathy or “Pseudomedicalism”: Naturopathy’s Demise? (Report submitted to the U.S. Department of Education). George A. Freibott, ND.

Founding of naturopathic program in Managua, Nicaragua at Universidad Popular de Nicaragua (UPONIC).

Institute of Naturopathic Education and Research (INER) plays a prominent role during significant reorganization phase at OCNM. Stephen Hambly, OCNM President, resigns, and major change in membership of the OCNM Governing Board ensues. Don Warren, ND, appointed Chair, and Robert Schad, Vice Chair, of the new Board (both until 1993). Pat Hutchinson leads the transition Team.

Paul Herscu, ND, DHANP, and Amy Rothenberg, ND, DHANP found The New England School of Homeopathy to provide training in homeopathy to practitioners in United States and abroad. Focus is translating homeopathic philosophy into successful, enjoyable practice of homeopathic medicine.

Chris Turner, ND, becomes president of NPLEX Board until 1998 and again from 2000-2001.

US Department of Education threatens to remove recognition of CNME. AANP led campaign creates the profession’s first significant Congressional support to help maintain the recognition (1991). Carlo Calabrese, ND, leads strategy, testimony to U.S. Dept. of Education.

NPLEX publishes first Part I-Basic Sciences Examinations; Anna MacIntosh, PhD, ND, leads developing basic science blueprints. Christa Louise becomes founding NPLEX Executive Director. Ontario Association of Naturopathic Physicians halts deregulation of NDs; NDs remain under the Drugless Practitioners Act. Province wide lobbying campaign to halt deregulation led by Patricia Wales, ND (ONA President), Dan Labriola, ND, Edie Pett, ND, Pamela Snider, ND, and Jim Spring, ND.

“Randomized, Double-Blind Study of Freeze-Dried Urtica dioica in The Treatment of Allergic Rhinitis.” Paul Mittman, ND. Planta Medica. Double-blind study investigating the use of nettles in the treatment of allergic rhinitis is the first randomized clinical trial published by an ND in an international, peer-reviewed journal.

1991

“Evidence-based medicine.” G. Guyatt. ACP Journal Club. Gordon H. Guyatt, MD, MSc., McMaster Medical School faculty member (Hamilton, Ontario) coins term ‘evidence-based medicine’ (EBM) in editorial, asserts that medical decision making must evolve from an authoritarian, consultative model to one based on evidence: “Evidence-based medicine uses additional strategies, including quickly tracking down publications of studies that are directly relevant to the clinical problem, critically appraising these studies, and applying the results of the best studies to the clinical problem at hand.” Drs. Guyatt (and Sackett, 1992, 1996) usher in aspirations of an era of evidence-based medicine replete with debate on evidence-informed practice (EIP), ways of knowing, what evidence is, and critical appraisal.

New England Journal of Homeopathy. Eds., Amy Rothenberg, Paul Herscu. Published until 2002.

“Stress recovery during exposure to natural and urban environments.” R. S. Ulrich, R. F. Simons, B. D. Losito, et al. Journal of Environmental Psychology. Foundational study by Ulrich, establishes one of the primary mechanisms by which natural environments influence health, i.e., reduction of psychophysiological stress. Objective physiological (biofeedback) and subjective psychological (mood scales) data to show that people recover from a stressor vastly faster when viewing nature vs. urban scenes. Those attempting to “medicalize” Nature as an intervention are influenced by this study or by one of Ulrich’s follow-up papers.

The Homeopathic Treatment of Children. Paul Herscu, ND.

The Spirit of Homoeopathy. Rajan Sankaran, MD (Hom), FSHom (UK). Introduces the concept of Vital Sensation, an influential modern homeopathic prescribing system.

US Department of Labor Dictionary of Occupational Titles updates definition of naturopathic physicians under term, “naturopath” according to modalities practiced by naturopathic physicians.

AANP: Konrad Kail, ND, PA, President; [unknown] Vice President; Brent Mathieu, ND, Speaker of the House of Delegates. AANP HOD adopts Position Paper: Vaccinations; Led by M. Traub

AANP President Konrad Kail, ND, PA, launches AANP “Every Person One Project” (EPOP) initiative; invites AANP members to engage their projects with AANP’s support, despite no budget. Evaluation in 2002 shows many of these projects came to fruition.

First North American Naturopathic Medicine Conference (“Into the Light”), jointly sponsored by AANP and CNA, held in Whistler, British Columbia. Focused on outcomes of naturopathic treatment through research. First annual AANP research award granted. Conference co-chaired by John Weeks (AANP Executive Director,) and Mark Percival, DC, ND (CNA).

Kelly Farnsworth, ND, becomes Chair of CNA until 1994.

Montana State passes naturopathic licensure law.

Bastyr College and NCNM offer the first international residency program at Tyringham Naturopathic Clinic in Buckinghamshire, England.

Kenneth Pownall, DDS, appointed as OCNM President until 1993. Dr. Pownall previously served as the Registrar for the Royal College of Dental Surgeons of Ontario for 25 years.

NCNM accredited by CNME.

Council for Homeopathic Certification (CHC) founded by Durr Elmore, ND, and Harry Swope, ND, in response to a vision to certify practitioners and assure a united homeopathic profession. Naturopaths, acupuncturists, professional homeopaths, medical doctors, nurses, chiropractors, podiatrists, dentists and osteopaths define evaluative criteria for homeopathic competence and assemble diverse board of directors for the Council from these various professions within homeopathic community.

Canadian Homeopathic Coalition (CHC) co-founded in Montreal, Quebec by Pamela Snider, ND (Chair), Bill Reynolds (Co-Chair), John Hrab (Co-Chair), with catalyst Tutti Gould, ND; 39 Canadian stakeholder organizations. CHC leaders propose New Canadian Federal Natural Health Products division to Ottawa Health Protection Branch, Drugs Directorate Division leaders; through CHC’s unified, consistent voice, advocacy during two years of government meetings. Influential step in establishing Canadian Office of Natural Health Products (ONHP).

Healing AIDS research project presented to the British Parliament by Bastyr University’s Joseph Pizzorno, ND, and Jane Guiltinan, ND.

US Congress passes legislation establishing the National Institutes of Health Office of Alternative Medicine (OAM).

1992

Bastyr College establishes 45th Street Homeless Youth Clinic, first free drop-in health clinic in the U.S. to offer both conventional and natural medical treatments.

Delivery Native American Rehabilitation Association (NARA), first NCNM community clinic founded.

Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems. An Introductory Analysis with Applications to Biology, Control, and Artificial Intelligence. John H. Holland. Introduces the “genetic algorithm.”

”Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. Evidence-based medicine. A new approach to teaching the practice of medicine.” G. Guyatt, J. Cairns, D. Churchill, et al., (including D. Sackett and M. Enkin). JAMA. Dr. Guyatt and colleagues publish first article in JAMA series using new name – “evidence-based medicine” – and call for far-reaching change in the practice of medicine; a “paradigm shift;” in order to turn medicine into an objective and scientific enterprise. Article opens with: “A new paradigm for medical practice is emerging. Evidence-based medicine de-emphasizes intuition, unsystematic clinical experience, and pathophysiologic rationale as sufficient grounds for clinical decision making and stresses the examination of evidence from clinical research.”

Gynecology and Naturopathic Medicine: A Treatment Manual. Tori Hudson, ND.

IBIS: Interactive BodyMind Information System (1.0). Ed., Mitchell Bebel Stargrove, ND, LAc. AMR’TA releases pioneering transdisciplinary electronic reference work of natural medicine compiled by more than 100 practitioners, teachers and students. Updated in 1999 as IBIS99: Integrative BodyMind Information System by Integrative Medical Arts Group, Inc. and currently published by MedicineWorks.com.

Nutrition from Marz, first edition. Russell Marz, ND.

AANP: Jamison Starbuck, ND, JD, President (until 1993); Brent Matthieu, ND, Speaker of the House of Delegates.

AANP HOD adopts Position Paper: Electronic Diagnosis. Led by M. Cronin.

AANP HOD adopts Position Paper: Environment. Led by S. Weiss, G. Weiss, R. Kirschner.

Physician’s Oath. Led by H. Swope. Dr. Swope was the first to administer the Oath in 1992.

AANP HOD adopts Position Paper: Treatment of Streptococcus. Led by C. Hansen.

British Naturopathic and Osteopathic Association (BNOA) divides into separate naturopathic and osteopathic organizations; Naturopathic component reverts to British Naturopathic Association (BNA).

OCNM re-incorporates as Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine (CCNM). Operates as the educational arm of INER.

“Evolved responses to landscapes”. G. Orians and J. Heerwagen, J. In J. H. Barkow, L. Cosmides, and J. Tooby (Eds.), The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture. The first study designed to test Wilson’s biophilia hypothesis. Participants rated their preference for different landscape pictures, with the most preferred being settings similar to those upon which it is believed our prehistoric hominid ancestors evolved, i.e., open grasslands with some water and trees for shade/cover/refuge. As such, their work was called the “Savannah hypothesis.”

National Institutes of Health Office of Alternative Medicine headquarters is established, Washington, DC. Tori Hudson, ND, appointed to NIHOAM Advisory Council. Joseph J. Jacobs, MD, appointed Director.

1993

The Shaman’s Body: A New Shamanism for Transforming Health, Relationships, and the Community. Arnold Mindell, PhD.

AANP: Jamison Starbuck, ND, JD, President; [unknown] Speaker of the House of Delegates.

AANP HOD adopts Position Paper: AIDS; Led by Jane Guiltinan, ND.

AANP HOD adopts Position Paper: Era-Appropriate Education; Led by Robert Broadwell and Kathi Head.

AANP HOD adopts Position Paper: Homeopathy; Led by Michael Traub, ND, Laurie Aesoph, ND, Bruce Dickson, ND, Brent Mathieu, ND, Judyth Reichenberg-Ullman, ND, DHANP, Stephen King, ND, DHANP, Julian Winston, Louise Edwards, ND, LAc, and Prudence Broadwell, ND.

British Naturopathic and Osteopathic Association (BNOA) reverts to title, British Naturopathic Association (BNA).

Institute of Natural Medicine (INM) is incorporated as a non-profit 501(c)3 in Oregon by James Sensenig, ND, Harry Swope III, ND, Vida Fassler, and Bob Timberlake. Founding board includes J. Sensenig (founding Chair), R. Timberlake, M. Werness, H. Swope, W. Fassler, V. Fassler, and J. Strohecker. Sue Yirku becomes founding Executive Director (until 2013). Established to engage philanthropy and advance public education concerning naturopathic medicine.

Israel Naturopathic Association established, Nimrod Sheinman, ND, Founding President.

James Spring, ND, becomes Chair of the Board of Drugless Therapists – Naturopathy (BDDT-N) until 1998. Serves during period of challenge and transition. Osteopaths Act grants statutory recognition to osteopathy in UK.

Australian College of Natural Medicine becomes first private academic provider to offer a degree in naturopathy accredited by the Australian government.

British College of Naturopathy and Osteopathy (BCNOA) becomes British College of Osteopathic Medicine (BCOM). Signifies resistance to naturopathy.

Don Warren, ND, DHANP, appointed CCNM President (until1996). Robert Schad, philanthropist and business leader becomes CCNM Board Chair. Dr. Warren leads CCNM restructure, transforming a difficult period into an opportunity to stabilize, strengthen, unify, and advance CCNM in partnership with Mr. Schad. Dr. Warren is known, respected for integrity, wise, visionary, compassionate, pragmatic strategic leadership: served as CNME President, founding Board member for the interprofessional Academic Consortium for Complementary and Alternative Health Care (ACCAHC), and led important Rwanda study on HIV and selenium. Throughout his leadership and service to the profession he maintained thriving, full scope traditional vitalist practice with an emphasis on excellence in clinical homeopathic medicine.

Michael Cronin, ND, Founding President of SCNM, until 1997. Dr. Cronin is known for his pioneering spirit, sense of strategy, courage and execution; his clinical excellence particularly in advanced physical medicine and pain (clinical practice and education); and for his commitment to and leadership in global health and advancing the profession overall. From SCNM onward his academic and professional service has included leadership in the Naturopathic Academy of Therapeutic Injections (NATI), the Naturopathic Physicians Research Institute (NPRI), the AANP (including a pivotal term as president), and collaboration in developing the World Naturopathic Federation (WNF).

Southwest College of Naturopathic Medicine (SCNM) founded by Michael Cronin, ND, Kyle Cronin, ND, Konrad Kail, ND, PA, Debra Mainville-Knight, ND, and Dana Keaton, ND. Receives Arizona private postsecondary license. SCNM and Drs. Cronin and Cronin become a significant force in moving the profession forward as they develop SCNM. SCNM distinguishes itself by seeking exceptional quality leaders and faculty from throughout the U.S. and Canada, using a modular curriculum approach to bring top faculty in for shorter intensives. Evolves into Sonoran University of Health Sciences in 2022.[AI]Schools and Educational Councils
Timothy Duszynski, EdD, becomes president of NCNM, until 1996.

University Health Clinic establishes the first private practice U.S. ND Residency in Seattle, WA with Bruce Milliman, ND, as Residency Director. Selena Heron, ND; Margaret Beeson, ND, first Residents.

AANP White House gathering of 24 “alternative healthcare” stakeholders hosted by First Lady Hillary Clinton as part of President Clinton’s medical reform effort. Joseph Pizzorno, ND, selected to participate. Joseph Pizzorno, Sandi Cutler, and John Weeks lead a profession-wide initiative that produced a booklet on ND contributions to reform, including support letters from more than 12 members of Congress.

Joseph E. Pizzorno, Jr., ND, appointed to U.S. Congressional panel on the Safety and Efficacy of Dietary Supplements.

Joseph E. Pizzorno, Jr., ND, invited to present to First Lady Hillary Clinton’s Health Care Reform Task Force on the role of Naturopathic Medicine in Health Care Reform.

The Hon. Deborah Senn, Washington State Insurance Commissioner, invites John Bastyr College to help create models for better inclusion of natural medicine in the Washington State Healthcare Plan.

David Eisenberg, MD, R.C. Kessler, C. Foster, et al., publish landmark survey on use of “Unconventional medicine in the United States” in the New England Journal of Medicine. The widespread news coverage and innumerable citations are seen as turning point in acknowledging, documenting and legitimating the widespread use of natural and complementary medicine by the public in the United States.

1994

Fundamental Research in Ultra High Dilution and Homoeopathy. J. Schulte and P.C. Endler.

HealthWWWeb.com pioneering transdisciplinary educational and networking website launched by AMR’TA; coordinated by Mitchell Bebel Stargrove, ND, LAc.

History and Geography of Human Genes. Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza. Provides the first full-scale reconstruction of where human populations originated and the paths by which they spread.

Nature Doctors: Pioneers in Naturopathic Medicine. Friedhelm Kirchfeld and Wade Boyle, ND, authors, publ.

Ultra High Dilution: Physiology and Physics. P.C. Endler and J. Schulte.

AANP: Thomas Kruzel, ND, President (until 1997); Timothy Birdsall, ND, Speaker of the House of Delegates; Sheila Quinn, Executive Director (until 2000). Sheila Quinn is respected for her strategic leadership, impactful partnership with Dr. Kruzel during intensive legal challenges. Her wise, pragmatic organizational skills advance AANP as a functional organization, strengthen AANP’s political positioning, policy advances for naturopathic medicine including eventually establishing the NCCAM and IHPC. Ms. Quinn also known for maintaining Bastyr’s fiscal health and management effectively during demanding, turbulent, rapid growth.

AANP HOD adopts Position Paper: Acupuncture. Led by P. Rollo, ND, LAc.

AANP HOD adopts Position Paper: Civil and Human Rights.

AANP HOD adopts Position Paper: Grandfathering.

AANP President Thomas Kruzel re-establishes AANP’s financial health, successfully eliminates several lawsuits filed by Donald Hayhurst (ANMA) against AANP; moves AANP agenda forward, including moving HOD Position Papers into production, with particular leadership in establishing Standards of Naturopathic Medicine, a landmark accomplishment. Known for courage, integrity, compassion, humble leadership and vision as AANP president.

Association De Médecine Naturopathique Du Québec, AMNQ (Quebec Association of Naturopathic Medicine, QANM) established; Andre Saine, DC, ND, DHANP, Founding Chair.

INM launches the Dr. John Bastyr Sunshine Fund to build a sun porch for Dr. Bastyr; Dr. Bastyr dies before the porch could be built. Funds raised were later redirected by INM to honor his passion for science through INM’s Clinical Investigator Research Fellowships, for graduating naturopathic medical students, and studies that advance the profession.

Nova Scotia Association of Naturopathic Doctors (NSAND) established; Lois Hare, ND, founding Chair.

The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (“DSHEA”), a U.S. federal statute defining and regulating nutrients, herbs and other natural substances as “dietary supplements”, particularly in the context of retail sales. Championed by Senators Orrin Hatch (R-Utah) and Tom Harkin (D-Iowa).

Canterbury College of Natural Medicine established in Christchurch, New Zealand. Consortium of Naturopathic Medical Colleges (CNMC) established. Michael Cronin, ND, Founding President. Evolves into the American Association of Naturopathic Medical Colleges (AANMC). Sue Yirku becomes Executive Director.

John Bastyr College of Naturopathic Medicine (JBCNM) renamed Bastyr University (BU) of Natural Health Sciences.

The Connecticut Center for Naturopathic Education founded as a prelude to formation of a naturopathic college in Connecticut.

Council on Naturopathic Medical Education (CNME) publishes the first accreditation handbook for naturopathic colleges.

Bastyr University receives first National Institutes of Health (NIH) grant, and first Center research grant from National Institutes of Health awarded to a “CAM” college; Principal Investigator, Leanna Standish, ND, PhD, LAc. Establishes Bastyr University AIDS Research Center.

National Institutes of Health Office of Alternative Medicine (OAM) appoints Alan Trachtenberg, MD, MPH, LAc, Director until 1995. Leanna J. Standish, ND, PhD, LAc, (Bastyr University) is a key OAM advisor.

SCNM Research Program established by Ian Bier, ND, LM, LAc.

1995

Naturopathic community loses Drs. John Bastyr and William Turska, two of its most influential elders.

AANP: Thomas Kruzel, ND, President; Timothy Birdsall, ND, Speaker of the House of Delegates. AANP HOD adopts Position Paper: Standards of Naturopathic Medicine: Standards of Practice. Led by T. Kruzel, ND.

Formation of the Federation of Natural and Traditional and Natural Therapists (Australia). Joseph E. Pizzorno, Jr., ND, receives the first AANP Benedict Lust Award.

Bastyr University receives Ryan White federal funds, enabling teaching clinics to provide free natural health care to low-income patients living with HIV/AIDS. Early steps in building public and community health relationships.

Interdisciplinary CWIC group led by Lori Bielinski, LMT, policy analyst, first integrative state “CAM” and insurance leadership round table; this formal three-year engagement guides Washington State’s integration of “every category of provider.” CWIC Report published in 2000. Prototype for the Affordable Care Act’s Sec. 2706 Non-Discrimination Legislation (led by Sen. Tom Harkin, Iowa); Bruce Milliman, ND, Lise Alschuler, ND, Pamela Snider, ND, and John Weeks.

Pamela Snider, ND, appointed to Washington State Health Professional Loan Repayment and Scholarship Program (HPLRSP) Advisory Committee. Daniel Labriola, ND, and Eric Jones, ND, advocate inclusion. Washington State Department of Health includes NDs in the state primary care workforce.

The Hon. Deborah Senn, Washington State Insurance Commissioner, implements “every category law” by establishing the Office of Insurance Commissioner’s Clinician Workgroup on the Integration of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CWIC). BU and WANP participate. John Weeks, Larry Jacobsen (co-facilitators) and Bruce Milliman, ND, lead engagement.

Washington State passes healthcare reform legislation, requiring insurance coverage for “every category” of licensed healthcare provider, known as the “every category law” and including NDs in the WA State student loan repayment program for primary care service to rural and underserved communities.

Wayne Jonas, MD, PhD, appointed Office of Alternative Medicine Director (until 1999), began the process of developing the Office into a full Center. Dr. Jonas later heads the innovative and influential Samueli Institute.

Federation of State Licensing Boards, Inc., established. Founding President, Michael Cronin, ND.

New Hampshire passes licensure law, led by Pamela Herring, ND, James Sensenig, ND, and Bob Timberlake.

WANP launches a 10-year campaign to modernize ND scope of practice including expanded prescriptive authority, minor surgical office procedures, immunizations, all routes of administration, primary care. Campaign Team establishes language for final B. 18.36a RCW Naturopathy modernization. Bruce Milliman (lead, WANP President 1995-1999); Steve Davis, Jeff Larson, Jennifer Booker, and Kasra Pournadeali (WANP President 2002-2006), Daniel Labriola. Kasra Pournadeali lead in passing law and implementation.

Washington State codifies “Naturopathic Physician” in state law (18.36a RCW). Substitute House Bill 1809: Naturopathic physicians also granted legal ability to ‘delegate’ care to nurses. Implemented 1996. Led by WANP Daniel Labriola (Government Affairs), Jeff Larson (Lobbyist), Bruce Milliman (President), and Patricia Hastings, WANP; Steve Borukowitz, WA State Department of Health; Lisa Thatcher and Nick Federici, Washington State Nurses Association all testify in Support.

NCNM establishes Master of Science in Oriental Medicine (MSOM) program as the first non-ND degree within the institution.

SCNM’s Southwest Naturopathic Medical Center opens in Tempe, AZ.

Southern Cross University (Lismore, New South Wales, Australia) establishes School of Natural and Complementary Medicine, first publicly-funded naturopathic degree course in the world.

Dr. Stephen Myers appointed as Foundation program director and later Head of School of Natural and Complementary Medicine.

“The restorative benefits of nature: Toward an integrative framework.” S. Kaplan. Journal of Environmental Psychology. Introduction of Attention Restoration Theory (ART). Distinct from Ulrich’s stress theory, Stephen and Rachel Kaplan developed the process of “Attention Restoration” based on the work of psychologist William James. Essentially states, human beings are hardwired to respond to stimuli from the natural environment in a healthier way (because of the evolutionary Biophilia adaptation), and therefore being in nature is less taxing and more restorative for human mental reserves.

1996

North Hawaii Community Hospital, Kamuela, HI, affiliated ND Residency Program, founded with Michael Traub, ND, consulting medical staff member and Residency Program director. Earl Bakken, MD, was the initial Chairman of the Board of Trustees. NCNM is academic affiliate.

Eat Right for Your Type. Peter J. D’Adamo, ND. Blood type-based dietary system focusing on lectins; becomes New York Times best-seller. Foundation for further genotype-based and deeper individualization in food response patterns.

“Evidence based medicine: what it is and what it isn’t.” D.L. Sackett, W.M. Rosenberg, J.A. Gray, R.B. Haynes, W.S. Richardson. British Medical Journal. This team defines influential EBM components; “Evidence based medicine is not ‘cookbook’ medicine. Because it requires a bottom up approach that integrates the best external evidence with individual clinical expertise and patients’ choice… external clinical evidence can inform, but can never replace, individual clinical expertise, and it is this expertise that decides whether the external evidence applies to the individual patient at all and, if so, how it should be integrated into a clinical decision…… Clinicians who fear top down cookbooks will find the advocates of evidence-based medicine joining them at the barricades.”

Fundamentals of Complementary and Alternative Medicine 1st Edition) organized and edited by Marc Micozzi, MD, PhD. First U.S. textbook on diverse complementary and integrative medicine professions and approaches for medical students. By 6e, one of the most enduring.

Naturopathic Medicine (1st Edition by Joseph E. Pizzorno, Jr., ND; 2nd to 6th Editions by Joseph E. Pizzorno, Jr., ND, with Joseph Katzinger, ND, and Marc Micozzi, MD, PhD).

Healing Yourself Naturally. Judy Jacka, ND.

Stramonium: With an Introduction to Analysis Using Cycles and Segments. Paul Herscu, ND.

Total Wellness: Improve Your Health by Understanding the Body’s Healing Systems. Joseph E. Pizzorno, Jr., ND.

AANP HOD establishes a committee to review three proposed new naturopathic principles: “Wellness” (Maureen O’Keefe), “Least Force” (B. Milliman), “Relieve Suffering” (J. Zeff). Profession and college-wide survey initiated on principles and definition, 1996-1999. Committee: Thomas Abshier, ND, David Greenspan, ND, B. Milliman, ND, Miriam Mitchell, ND, J. Pizzorno, ND, P. Snider, ND, J. Zeff, ND, Sally Ringdahl, ND, Catherine Downey, ND, Ron Hobbs, ND, Paul Mittman, ND, Dennis O’Hara, ND, Pamela Hahnemann-Pittman, ND, Michael Slezak, ND, and Mark Monwai (ND candidate Bastyr.).

Integration Project launched by Consortium of Naturopathic Medical Colleges (CNMC), co-led by Pamela Snider, ND, and Jared Zeff, ND, LAc, to provide stimulus and tools to integrate “philosophy” throughout naturopathic curricula in naturopathic colleges. Continued through AANMC until 2003.

Guru Sandesh Singh-Khalsa, ND, CNMC Dean’s Council Chair.

AANP: Thomas Kruzel, ND, President; Rita Bettenburg, ND, Speaker of the House of Delegates.

AANP’s inaugural logo designed by Rick Kirschner, ND, approved by AANP Board. Redesigned in 1998, AANP’s 2018 logo is derivative of the original. In 1996, an Oklahoma diploma mill used AANP’s logo on its website, in marketing materials shortly after AANP posted it. Dr. Kirschner caught this during routine monitoring of naturopathy diploma mills. The diploma mill stopped immediately, removed it from their materials after he contacted them and politely threatened legal action if they failed to cease and desist.

AANP new website developed, enhances U.S. profession’s outreach and visibility. Pioneered by Rick Brinkman, ND, and evolved by Rick Kirschner, ND.

Formation of the Australasian Federation of Natural Therapists.

Lois Hare, ND, becomes Chair of CNA until 1999.

Amy Rothenberg, ND, is appointed to Amherst, MA, Board of Health; becomes Board Chair; serves several terms until 2003. Second ND appointed to a public health board in 1996.

Australia’s Therapeutic Goods Administration, regulatory body for drugs, foods, and medicines holds first Alternative Medicine Summit.

Bastyr University and Community Health Centers of King County (CHCKK) win a contract to establish King County Natural Medicine Clinic (KCNMC) as the first US government-funded integrated community health clinic; co-directed by Jane Guiltinan, ND, and Marty Ross, MD.

Eileen Stretch, ND, becomes first ND to lead a CAM division as medical director for health care insurers Alternare Health Services; facilitates inclusion of NDs within insurance companies.

First Washington State HPLRSP student loan repayment award received by Cindy Breed, ND, at Community Health Centers of King County Natural Medicine Clinic for primary care service to underserved populations.

Helen Healy, ND, unsuccessfully prosecuted for practicing medicine without a license, which galvanized momentum toward Minnesota State ND licensure legislation.

Historic meeting between Regence Blue Shield Medical Director Ze’ev Young, MD, and Drs. Esteban Ryciak and W. Bruce Milliman. Launching first state level full inclusion of NDs in third party reimbursement as primary care physicians in Washington State.

Joseph E. Pizzorno, Jr., ND, appointed to Seattle/King County Board of Health until 2002. First ND appointed to a public health board.

King County Council (Washington) passes resolution to fund first publicly-funded, integrated public health clinic in the U.S. Kent Pullen and Maggi Fimia, key Council figures; Bastyr University President Joseph Pizzorno, ND, leads the effort.

Towards a Safer Choice. The Practice of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Australia. Alan Bensoussan and Stephen P. Myers. Commissioned by Department of Health, Victoria, Australia; benchmark research findings on Chinese traditional medicine practice in Australia. Recommended and led to national occupational regulation in 2013. Comprehensive peer review process under professional review panel of 18 members established by the Victorian Department of Human Services who commissioned the work. Important workforce analysis demonstrates relationship between adverse events, application of clinical theory vs. pathology-based prescribing. Adverse events 2:1 when needling prescriptions applied without clinical theory.

US Dept. of Health and Human Services, US Public Health Service, Region X, and Bastyr University convene, “Building Bridges Between Provider Communities Group” to develop “CAM” and ND integration with public health in Pacific Northwest Region; Co-chaired by Pamela Snider, ND, (BU Associate Dean) and Richard Lyons, MD, MPH, (USPHS, DHHS, Regional Health Administrator); with S. Quinn, B. Milliman, and J. Weeks. A Report by the Building Bridges Group: Activities, Accomplishments and Recommendations 1996-2000 (2001).

Washington State Insurers Regence, Uniform Medical Plan of WA, and Premera Blue Cross establish primary care status for ND’s in a landmark breakthrough. Bruce Milliman (lead), Jennifer Booker, and Esteban Ryciack.

Maine passes state licensure law, led by Devra Kassner, ND, with James Sensenig, ND, and Bob Timberlake.

Utah passes state licensure law, led by Ray Howard, Sandra Gooch with James Sensenig, ND, (AANP), and Bob Timberlake.

Vermont passes state licensure law, led by Bill Warnocke, ND, Vermont Association of Naturopathic Physicians State Association President, with James Sensenig (AANP) and Bob Timberlake.

Bastyr University relocates to a 51-acre campus on Lake Washington in Kenmore, WA. CCNM launches its Residency Program.

Clyde Jensen, PhD, President of NCNM until 2001. Consolidates college in downtown Lair Hill/Ross Island district. Known for wise guidance, proficiency and development of academic institutions in transition, bridging professions, diplomacy, political advocacy, a gentle manner and wry sense of humor Dr. Jensen remains a respected leader and ally through decades of the profession’s advancement including AANMC’s maturation and the advancement of NCNM.

David J. Schleich, PhD, becomes President of CCNM until 2003. CCNM relocates immediately (until 1999) to 2300 Yonge Street, in Eglinton, Ontario, as interim midtown campus and establishes a naturopathic clinic with a widely expanded patient base. CCNM begins period of rapid expansion, including seven-fold growth in enrollment, establishment of a permanent campus in North York, development of Robert Schad Naturopathic Clinic and creation of a research division within the college. The strong equity position for CCNM established by President Schleich creates a secure foundation for CCNM’s future.

First graduating class of Southwest College of Naturopathic Medicine (SCNM).

University of Bridgeport College of Naturopathic Medicine (UBCNM) founded in Bridgeport, CT, by James Sensenig, ND, founding Dean until 1997. Admits first class in 1997.

Wellpark College of Natural Therapies (Wellpark College) first registered in Auckland, New Zealand. Phillip Cottingham, ND, President (until current). Dr. Cottingham’s visionary leadership brings New Zealand naturopathic medicine to the global stage, as he becomes part of the international leadership team who establish the World Naturopathic Federation. In New Zealand he remains committed to active, respectful relationship with local indigenous peoples and communities, and to evolving the campus to a retreat and educational center environment.

SCNM receives initial candidacy for status with CNME.

Alternative Medicine Review Journal. Ed., Alan Miller, ND. Publ., Al Czap.

“Restorative qualities of favorite places.” K.M. Korpela and T. Hartig. Journal of Environmental Psychology. Kalevi Korpela, a Finnish researcher, pioneers environmental psychology as it pertains to natural spaces. Kalevi has explored how the subjective experience of nature influences human affect, behavior, and/or cognition.

Bastyr University Research Institute (BURI) established by Leanna Standish, ND, PhD, LAc, and Carlo Calabrese, ND, MPH.

1997

Foundations of Natural Therapeutics: Biochemical Apologetics of Naturopathic Medicine. William A. Mitchell, ND.

Love’s Hidden Symmetry: What Makes Love Work in Relationships. Bert Hellinger and Gunthard Weber.

“The Process of Healing: A Unifying Theory of Naturopathic Medicine.” Jared Zeff, ND, LAc. Journal of Naturopathic Medicine. Modern formative theory developed by Dr. Zeff acknowledges and evolves Tilden’s healing/degeneration model to propose a four-level hierarchy of therapeutics and determinants of health within a three-part theory of practice.

AANP: Thomas Kruzel, ND, President; Rita Bettenburg, ND, Speaker of the House of Delegates.

CNERS changes name to Canadian Naturopathic Foundation (CNF).

INM reorganizes, advances under leadership of INM Chair and then-NCNM President, Clyde Jensen, PhD. Sue Yirku, Executive Director (1992-2013).

INM remains under the NCNM umbrella until 2008.

ONA changes name to Ontario Association of Naturopathic Doctors (OAND).

Naturopathic Medicine Leadership Summit (facilitated by Alan Kumamoto and Rick Kirschner, ND). Presidents, key staff from INM, naturopathic colleges, AANP and State Alliance look at the future collectively, assess past, commit to working together to advance naturopathic medicine. Considered a unifying moment, various agencies define scope, boundaries of their work, agreeing to cooperate with and support each organizations’ efforts. Concept papers define relationships between AANP, the State Alliance and the INM (led by Clyde Jenson, PhD, Sheila Quinn, R. Kirschner, ND). All parties agree to foster supportive, transparent working culture.

Anthony Godfrey, DVM, ND, appointed to Canadian government Herbal Committee, which plays a significant role in establishing the Canadian Office of Natural Health Products.

Complementary Medicines Evaluation Committee established by the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) in Australia. Several NDs sit on the Committee.

Puerto Rico, U.S. territory, passes regulation act, HB 1153 led by Efrain Rodriguez Malave, ND.

State of Arizona produces and administers in-state licensing examinations until 2000.

Consortium of Naturopathic Medical Colleges (CNMC) begins organizing towards becoming American Association of Naturopathic Medical Colleges (AANMC). Clyde Jensen, first president of this second phase until 2001. Instrumental in AANMC formation.

Keith Richards becomes President of SCNM, until 1998.

Landmark purchase of CCNM permanent North York campus in Toronto, Ontario process is launched and orchestration commences by President David Schleich, PhD. New campus includes the Robert Schad Naturopathic Clinic, as well as an onsite residence for students.

Southern School of Natural Therapies Melbourne, Victoria, Australia’s oldest surviving naturopathic college, receives government accreditation to offer naturopathic degree.

University of Bridgeport College of Naturopathic Medicine enters its first class.

Griffin Hospital in Derby, CT, starts CNME-approved hospital-based residency with Christine Girard, ND, as first hospital-based resident under auspices of NCNM.

Bastyr University Cancer Research Center is founded by Leanna Standish, ND, PhD, LAc.

“Safety Issues in Herbal Medicine: Implications for the Health Professions.” A.K. Drew and S.P. Myers. Medical Journal of Australia. Early naturopathic research; provides principles and methods for understanding safety issues in herbal prescribing.

CIGNA, a major U.S. medical insurance company, signs a contract covering naturopathic medical care for Maricopa County, AZ employees.

©1992-2025 Mitchell Bebel Stargrove with contributions from the AANP, WNF, FNM, OANP, NUNM, CCNM, NUHS, BU, SUHS, WSU and individuals in the global community of naturopathic medicine.This is an open access publication distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy.

1970-1997

From Naturopathy to Naturopathic Medicine: Re-emerging Profession in an Evolving Cultural Context

From Naturopathy to Naturopathic Medicine:
Re-emerging Profession in an Evolving Cultural Context